{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:30:58Z","timestamp":1772591458133,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EUROVOLC","award":["731070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731070"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001114","name":"ESA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000128399\/19\/I-DT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000128399\/19\/I-DT"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-sensor strategies are key to the real-time determination of eruptive source parameters (ESPs) of explosive eruptions necessary to forecast accurately both tephra dispersal and deposition. To explore the capacity of these strategies in various eruptive conditions, we analyze data acquired by two Doppler radars, ground- and satellite-based infrared sensors, one infrasound array, visible video-monitoring cameras as well as data from tephra-fallout deposits associated with a weak and a strong paroxysmal event at Mount Etna (Italy). We find that the different sensors provide complementary observations that should be critically analyzed and combined to provide comprehensive estimates of ESPs. First, all measurements of plume height agree during the strong paroxysmal activity considered, whereas some discrepancies are found for the weak paroxysm due to rapid plume and cloud dilution. Second, the event duration, key to convert the total erupted mass (TEM) in the mass eruption rate (MER) and vice versa, varies depending on the sensor used, providing information on different phases of the paroxysm (i.e., unsteady lava fountaining, lava fountain-fed tephra plume, waning phase associated with plume and cloud expansion in the atmosphere). As a result, TEM and MER derived from different sensors also correspond to the different phases of the paroxysms. Finally, satellite retrievals for grain-size can be combined with radar data to provide a first approximation of total grain-size distribution (TGSD) in near real-time. Such a TGSD shows a promising agreement with the TGSD derived from the combination of satellite data and whole deposit grain-size distribution (WDGSD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1622113622000},"page":"2097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Examples of Multi-Sensor Determination of Eruptive Source Parameters of Explosive Events at Mount Etna"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Freret-Lorgeril","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2368-2193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costanza","family":"Bonadonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Corradini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nazionale Terremoti (CNT), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Donnadieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Universit\u00e9 Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1894-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nazionale Terremoti (CNT), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Lacanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, 50124 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5873-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Silvio","family":"Marzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0303-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Mereu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence CETEMPS, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Merucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nazionale Terremoti (CNT), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Ripepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, 50124 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-8629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Scollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Stelitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nazionale Terremoti (CNT), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loughlin, S.C., Sparks, S., Brown, S.K., Jenkins, S.F., and Brown, C. (2015). Volcanic ash fall hazard and risk. Global Volcanic Hazard and Risk, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316276273"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Papale, P. (2015). Impacts from volcanic ash fall. Volcanic Hazards, Risk and Disasters, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"An unloading foam model to constrain Etna\u2019s 11\u201313 January 2011 lava fountaining episode","volume":"116","author":"Calvari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00107","article-title":"Paroxysmal Explosions, Lava Fountains and Ash plumes at Etna Volcano: Eruptive Processes and Hazard Implications","volume":"6","author":"Calvari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049637","article-title":"Dynamics of a lava fountain revealed by geophysical, geochemical and thermal satellite measurements: The case of the 10 April 2011 Mt Etna eruption","volume":"38","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4912","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL060623","article-title":"Eruptive processes leading to the most explosive lava fountain at Etna volcano: The 23 November 2013 episode","volume":"41","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini, S., Montopoli, M., Guerrieri, L., Ricci, M., Scollo, S., Merucci, L., Marzano, F.S., Pugnaghi, S., Prestifilippo, M., and Ventress, L.J. (2016). A Multi-Sensor Approach for Volcanic Ash Cloud Retrieval and Eruption Characterization: The 23 November 2013 Etna Lava Fountain. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010058"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini, S., Guerrieri, L., Lombardo, V., Merucci, L., Musacchio, M., Prestifilippo, M., Scollo, S., Silvestri, M., Spata, G., and Stelitano, D. (2018). Proximal Monitoring of the 2011-2015 Etna Lava Fountains Using MSG-SEVIRI Data. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8040140"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.879116","article-title":"Volcanic cloud retrieval by ground-based microwave weather radar","volume":"44","author":"Marzano","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2024933","article-title":"Monitoring subglacial Volcanic Eruption using Ground-Based C-Band Radar Imagery","volume":"48","author":"Marzano","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bech, J., and Chau, J.L. (2012). Volcanological applications of Doppler radars: A review and examples from a transportable pulse radar in L-band. Doppler Radar Observations\u2014Weather Radar, Wind Profiler, Ionospheric Radar, and Other Advanced Applications, In TechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/2036"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.01.009","article-title":"Near-source Doppler radar monitoring of tephra plumes at Etna","volume":"312","author":"Donnadieu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7881","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023464","article-title":"Velocity profiles inside volcanic clouds from three-dimensional scanning microwave dual polarization Doppler radars","volume":"121","author":"Montopoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013191","article-title":"Mass discharge rate retrieval combining weather radar and thermal camera observations","volume":"121","author":"Vulpiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2953167","article-title":"Tephra Mass Eruption Rate from Ground-based X-Band and L-Band Microwave Radars during the 23 November 2013 Etna Paroxysm","volume":"58","author":"Marzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9570","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JB015561","article-title":"Infrasonic Early Warning System for Explosive Eruption","volume":"123","author":"Ripepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52576-w","article-title":"Unravelling the links between seismo-acoustic signals and eruptive parameters: Etna lava fountain case study","volume":"9","author":"Sciotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-012-0669-y","article-title":"Monitoring Etna volcanic plumes using a scanning lidar","volume":"74","author":"Scollo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063027","article-title":"Volcanic ash concentration during the 12 August 2011 Etna eruption","volume":"42","author":"Scollo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-1573-2009","article-title":"Monitoring and forecasting Etna volcanic plumes","volume":"9","author":"Scollo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"0214","article-title":"Height estimation of the 2011\u20132013 Etna lava fountains","volume":"57","author":"Scollo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scollo, S., Prestifilippo, M., Bonadonna, C., Cioni, R., Corradini, S., Degruyter, W., Rossi, E., Silvestri, M., Biale, E., and Carparelli, G. (2019). Near-Real-Time Tephra Fallout Assessment at Mt. Etna, Italy. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11242987"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2006.09.007","article-title":"Tephra fallout of 2001 Etna flank eruption: Analysis of the deposit and plume dispersion","volume":"160","author":"Scollo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B04209","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005126","article-title":"The 2002-03 Etna explosive activity: Tephra dispersal and features of the deposits","volume":"113","author":"Andronico","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2008.10.019","article-title":"Monitoring ash emission episodes at Mt. Etna: The 16 november 2006 case study","volume":"180","author":"Andronico","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-014-0861-3","article-title":"Representivity of incompletely sampled fall deposits in estimating eruption source parameters: A test using the 12\u201313 January 2011 lava fountain deposit from Mt. Etna volcano, Italy","volume":"76","author":"Andronico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.08.007","article-title":"Unexpected hazards from tephra fallouts at Mt Etna: The 23 November 2013 lava fountain","volume":"304","author":"Andronico","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.005","article-title":"Microwave remote sensing of Plinian eruption due to the Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn Icelandic volcano on May 2011","volume":"129","author":"Marzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rem. Sens. Env."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2014.12.016","article-title":"Evolution of the 2011 Mt. Etna ash and SO2 lava fountain episodes using SEVIRI data and VPR retrieval approach","volume":"291","author":"Guerrieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2018.00073","article-title":"Mass Eruption Rates of Tephra Plumes During the 2011-2015 Lava Fountain Paroxysms at Mt. Etna From Doppler Radar Retrievals","volume":"6","author":"Donnadieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-4695-2018","article-title":"Reconstructing volcanic plume evolution integrating satellite and ground-based data: Application to the 23 November 2013 Etna eruption","volume":"18","author":"Poret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JB015163","article-title":"Modelling eruption source parameters by integrating field, ground-based and satellite-based data: The case of the 23rd February 2013 Etna paroxysm","volume":"123","author":"Poret","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mereu, L., Scollo, S., Bonadonna, C., Freret-Lorgeril, V., and Marzano, F.S. (2020). Multisensor Characterization of the Incandescent Jet Region of Lava Fountain-Fed Tephra Plumes. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213629"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scollo, S., Boselli, A., Corradini, S., Leto, G., Guerrieri, L., Merucci, L., Prestifilippo, M., Sanchez, R.Z., Sannino, A., and Stelitano, D. (2020). Multi-Sensor Analysis of a Weak and Long-Lasting Volcanic Plume Emission. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233866"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2013.11.012","article-title":"The 2011\u20132012 summit activity of Mount Etna: Birth, growth and products of the new SE crater","volume":"270","author":"Behncke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.021","article-title":"The continuing story of Etna\u2019s New Southeast Crater (2012\u20132014): Evolution and volume calculations based on field surveys and aerophotogrammetry","volume":"303","author":"Behncke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2017.07.020","article-title":"A new approach to investigate an eruptive paroxysmal sequence using camera and strainmeter networks: Lessons from the 3\u20135 December 2015 activity at Etna volcano","volume":"475","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.018","article-title":"Monitoring the December 2015 summit eruption of Mt. Etna (Italy): Implications on eruptive dynamics","volume":"341","author":"Corsaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8381","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-8381-2015","article-title":"Temporal variations of flux and altitude of sulfur dioxide emissions during volcanic eruptions: Implications for long-range dispersal of volcanic clouds","volume":"15","author":"Boichu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01086757","article-title":"The thickness, volume, and grainsize of tephra fall deposits","volume":"51","author":"Pyle","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-004-0386-2","article-title":"Total grain-size distribution and volume of tephra-fall deposits","volume":"67","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1130\/G32769.1","article-title":"Estimating the volume of tephra deposits: A new simple strategy","volume":"40","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-010-0404-5","article-title":"A quantitative uncertainty assessment of eruptive parameters derived from tephra deposits: The example of two large eruptions of Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador","volume":"73","author":"Biass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Donnadieu, F., Freville, P., Rivet, S., Hervier, C., and Cacault, P. (2021, May 22). The Volcano Doppler radar data base of Etna (VOLDORAD 2B). Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne\u2014CNRS. Available online: http:\/\/www.obs.univ-bpclermont.fr\/SO\/televolc\/voldorad\/bddtr.php."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2159225","article-title":"Synthetic signatures of volcanic ash cloud particles from X-Band dual-polarization radar","volume":"50","author":"Marzano","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5644","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2427032","article-title":"Retrieval of Tephra Size Spectra and Mass Flow Rate From C-Band Radar During the 2010 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull Eruption, Icelande","volume":"53","author":"Mereu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Sauvageot, H. (1992). Radar Meteorology, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16308","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052566","article-title":"Improving on mass flow rate estimates of volcanic eruptions","volume":"39","author":"Degruyter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023550","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3046674","article-title":"Etna tropospheric ash retrieval and sensitivity analysis using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer measurements","volume":"2","author":"Corradini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38595-7","article-title":"Low efficiency of large volcanic eruptions in transporting very fine ash into the atmosphere","volume":"9","author":"Gouhier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757615","article-title":"Retrieval of microphysical and morphological properties of volcanic ash plumes from satellite data: Application to Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand","volume":"127","author":"Prata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. J. Royal Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradini, S., Guerrieri, L., Stelitano, D., Salerno, G., Scollo, S., Merucci, L., Prestifilippo, M., Musacchio, M., Silvestri, M., and Lombardo, V. (2020). Near Real-Time Monitoring of the Christmas 2018 Etna Eruption Using SEVIRI and Products Validation. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081336"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1029\/GL016i011p01293","article-title":"Infrared radiative transfer calculations for volcanic ash clouds","volume":"16","author":"Prata","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1315-2013","article-title":"A new simplified procedure for the simultaneous SO2 and ash retrieval in a tropospheric volcanic cloud","volume":"6","author":"Pugnaghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-3053-2016","article-title":"Real time retrieval of volcanic cloud particles and SO2 by satellite using an improved simplified approach","volume":"9","author":"Pugnaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2","article-title":"Volcanic Ash and SO2 retrievals using synthetic MODIS TIR data: Comparison between inversion procedures and sensitivity analysis","volume":"57","author":"Corradini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD03340","article-title":"Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5","volume":"99","author":"Wen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2005.10.004","article-title":"Etna sulfur dioxide flux monitoring using ASTER-TIR data and atmospheric observations","volume":"152","author":"Pugnaghi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2-177-2009","article-title":"Retrieval of SO2 from thermal infrared satellite measurements: Correction procedures for the effects of volcanic ash","volume":"2","author":"Corradini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2011.07.002","article-title":"Reconstruction of SO2 flux emission chronology from space-based measurements","volume":"206","author":"Merucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-5945-2013","article-title":"Volcanic SO2 Fluxes Derived from Satellite Data: A Survey Using OMI, GOME-2, IASI and MODIS","volume":"13","author":"Theys","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50592","article-title":"Infrasound reveals transition to oscillatory discharge regime during lava fountaining: Implication for early warning","volume":"40","author":"Ulivieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54468-5","article-title":"Long range infrasound monitoring of Etna volcano","volume":"9","author":"Marchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5137672","article-title":"Experimental modeling of mass eruption rates from acoustics wave","volume":"146","author":"Sanchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JB018849","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018849","article-title":"Modeling the Acoustic Flux inside the Magmatic Conduit by 3D-FDTD Simulation","volume":"125","author":"Lacanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2013.02.005","article-title":"Ash-plume dynamics and eruption source parameters by infrasound and thermal imagery","volume":"366","author":"Ripepe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18049","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18049","article-title":"Balancing bulk gas accumulation and gas output before and during lava fountaining episodes at Mt. Etna","volume":"5","author":"Carbone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.03.009","article-title":"Physical characterization of explosive volcanic eruptions based on tephra deposits: Propagation of uncertainties and sensitivity analysis","volume":"296","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-016-1051-2","article-title":"Reconstructing eruptive source parameters from tephra deposit: A numerical study of medium-sized explosive eruptions at Etna volcano","volume":"78","author":"Spanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"125","article-title":"Measures for describing the size distribution of sediments","volume":"22","author":"Inman","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Sed. Petrol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B12202","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008462","article-title":"Tephra sedimentation during the 2010 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption (Iceland) from deposit, radar, and satellite observations","volume":"116","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-4-121-2012","article-title":"Two weather radar time series of the altitude of the volcanic plume during the May 2011 eruption of Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn, Iceland","volume":"4","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.05.020","article-title":"A review of tephra transport and dispersal models: Evolution, current status, and future perspectives","volume":"235\u2013236","author":"Folch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Beckett, F., Witham, C., and Devenish, B. (2015). Assessment of the impact of radar height data on model forecasts for Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn 2011. Statistical Assessment of Dispersion Model Sensitivity, Available online: http:\/\/futurevolc.hi.is\/sites\/futurevolc.hi.is\/files\/Pdf\/Deliverables\/fv_d8_5_to_submit_low.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckett, F.M., Witham, C.S., Leadbetter, S.J., Crocker, R., Webster, H.N., Hort, M.C., Jones, A.R., Devenish, B.J., and Thomson, D.J. (2020). Atmospheric Dipersion Modelling at the London VACC: A review of Developments since the 2010 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull Volcano Ash Cloud. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040352"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-003-0329-3","article-title":"Weather radar observations of the Hekla 2000 eruption cloud, Iceland","volume":"66","author":"Lacasse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gravitational turbulent convection from maintained and instantaneous sources","volume":"234","author":"Morton","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01073509","article-title":"The dimensions and dynamics of volcanic eruption columns","volume":"48","author":"Sparks","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Q03014","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GC001455","article-title":"A user-friendly one-dimensional model for wet volcanic plumes","volume":"8","author":"Mastin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosys."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-2447-2015","article-title":"PLUME-MoM 1.0: A new integral model of volcanic plumes based on the method of moments","volume":"8","author":"Neri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snee, E., Degruyter, W., Bonadonna, C., Scollo, S., Rossi, E., and Freret-Lorgeril, V. (2021). A model for buoyant tephra plumes couples to lava fountains with an application to paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna, Italy. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, e2020JB021360.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB021360"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-011-0508-6","article-title":"Future developments in modelling and monitoring of volcanic ash clouds: Outcomes from the first IAVCEI-WMO workshop on Ash Dispersal Forecast and Civil Aviation","volume":"74","author":"Bonadonna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-2069-2015","article-title":"Understanding the discrepancy between tephrochronology and satellite infrared measurements of volcanic ash","volume":"8","author":"Stevenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B10202","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005383","article-title":"Mass estimations of ejecta from Strombolian explosions by inversion of Doppler radar measurements","volume":"113","author":"Gouhier","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JB001866","article-title":"Relationship between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast Crater eruption of Mount Etna in early 2000","volume":"108","author":"Alparone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01046546","article-title":"Quantitative models of the fallout and dispersal of tephra from volcanic eruption columns","volume":"48","author":"Carey","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2018.10.007","article-title":"A new strategy for the estimation of plume height from clast dispersal in various atmospheric and eruptive conditions","volume":"505","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2097\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:08:48Z","timestamp":1760162928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13112097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13112097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}