{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:01:01Z","timestamp":1768262461499,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31872999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Project of the Science and Technology Department of Qinghai Province","award":["2020-ZJ-904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-ZJ-904"]}]},{"name":"Discipline Innovation and Introducing Talents Program of Higher Education Institutions","award":["the 111 Project, D18013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the 111 Project, D18013"]}]},{"name":"Joint Research Project of Three-River- Resource National Park funded by Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinghai Provincial People\u2019s Government","award":["LHZX-2020-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZX-2020-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate approaches to aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation are required to support appraisal of the effectiveness of land use measures, which seek to protect grazing-adapted grasslands atop the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). This methodological study assesses the effectiveness of one commonly used visible band vegetation index, Red Green Blue Vegetation Index (RGBVI), obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), in estimating AGB timely and accurately at the local scale, seeking to improve the estimation accuracy by taking into account in situ collected information on disturbed grassland. Particular emphasis is placed upon the mapping and quantification of areas disturbed by grazing (simulated via mowing) and plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) that have led to the emergence of bare ground. The initial model involving only RGBVI performed poorly in AGB estimation by underestimating high AGB by around 10% and overestimating low AGB by about 10%. The estimation model was modified by the mowing intensity ratio and bare ground metrics. The former almost doubled the estimation accuracy from R2 = 0.44 to 0.81. However, this modification caused the bare ground AGB to be overestimated by about 38 and 19 g m\u22122 for 2018 and 2019, respectively. Although further modification of the model by bare ground metrics improved the accuracy slightly to 0.88, it markedly reduced the overestimation of low AGB values. It is recommended that grazing intensity be incorporated into the micro-scale estimation of AGB, together with the bare ground modification metrics, especially for severely disturbed meadows with a sizable portion of bare ground.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1622113622000},"page":"2105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Improved Estimation of Aboveground Biomass of Disturbed Grassland through Including Bare Ground and Grazing Intensity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4520-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Xilai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}]},{"given":"Jiexia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Marc G.","family":"dela Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1310-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary John","family":"Brierley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02886190","article-title":"Value of ecosystem services in China","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.1108","article-title":"Rangeland Degradation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Implications for Rehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, S.K., Shang, Z.H., Gao, J.X., and Boone, R.B. (2020). Enhancing sustainability of grassland ecosystems through ecological restoration and grazing management in an era of climate change on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 287.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106684"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.07.041","article-title":"Soil disturbance and disturbance intensity: Response of soil nutrient concentrations of alpine meadow to plateau pika bioturbation in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"307","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.131","article-title":"Climate change and its impacts on vegetation distribution and net primary productivity of the alpine ecosystem in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"554-555","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-008-0259-2","article-title":"Grassland degradation in the \u201cThree-River Headwaters\u201d region, Qinghai Province","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-013-2557-0","article-title":"Restoration prospects for Heitutan degraded grassland in the Sanjiangyuan","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci. Engl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.399","article-title":"Increasing sensitivity of alpine grasslands to climate variability along an elevational gradient on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"678","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2018.05.014","article-title":"Grazing induced changes in plant diversity is a critical factor controlling grassland productivity in the Desert Steppe, Northern China","volume":"265","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2015.11.025","article-title":"Incorporating measures of grassland productivity into efficiency estimates for livestock grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.03.223","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and its driving forces from climate change and human activities in the Three-River Source Region, China from 1982 to 2012","volume":"563-564","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.503","article-title":"Grassland dynamics in responses to climate variation and human activities in China from 2000 to 2013","volume":"690","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.002","article-title":"The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on alpine grassland over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-014-3322-6","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities on global grassland degradation","volume":"72","author":"Gang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, K., Zhang, Y.J., Zhu, J.T., Liu, Y.J., Zu, J.X., and Zhang, J. (2016). The Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities on Vegetation Dynamics in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100876"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2013.12.006","article-title":"Dynamic of grassland vegetation degradation and its quantitative assessment in the northwest China","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Oecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105504","article-title":"Assessing the effects of climate variation and human activities on grassland degradation and restoration across the globe","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749010","DOI":"10.1080\/20964129.2020.1749010","article-title":"Impacts of land conversion and management measures on net primary productivity in semi-arid grassland","volume":"6","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health Sustain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.01.016","article-title":"Effects of long term fencing on biomass, coverage, density, biodiversity and nutritional values of vegetation community in an alpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"130","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11258-016-0607-8","article-title":"Temporal and small-scale spatial variation in grassland productivity, biomass quality, and nutrient limitation","volume":"217","author":"Klaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2016.03.006","article-title":"Quantitative assess the driving forces on the grassland degradation in the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, in China","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134304","article-title":"Impact of human activities and climate change on the grassland dynamics under different regime policies in the Mongolian Plateau","volume":"698","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.08.014","article-title":"Multi-factor modeling of above-ground biomass in alpine grassland: A case study in the Three-River Headwaters Region, China","volume":"186","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2017.01.025","article-title":"An improved Biome-BGC model for estimating net primary productivity of alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"350","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.08.020","article-title":"Responses of net primary productivity to phenological dynamics in the Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"232","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtn025","article-title":"Estimation of aboveground biomass using in situ hyperspectral measurements in five major grassland ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"1","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.12.011","article-title":"Evaluation of semiarid grassland degradation in North China from multiple perspectives","volume":"112","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/grs.12101","article-title":"Effects of plateau pika activities on seasonal plant biomass and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystems of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"61","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Grassl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"38","article-title":"The Application of Visual Estimation Procedures for Monitoring Pasture Yield and Composition in Exclosures and Small Plots","volume":"28","author":"Waite","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop. Grassl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1992.tb00790.x","article-title":"Estimating Plant Biomass\u2014A Review of Techniques","volume":"17","author":"Catchpole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5313","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802036276","article-title":"MODIS-based remote sensing monitoring of grass production in China","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.11.016","article-title":"Aboveground biomass assessment in Colombia: A remote sensing approach","volume":"257","author":"Anaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698216071","article-title":"Biomass estimation on grazed and ungrazed rangelands using spectral indices","volume":"19","author":"Todd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2307\/1942049","article-title":"Relationships between NDVI, canopy structure, and photosynthesis in three Californian vegetation types","volume":"5","author":"Gamon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160410001680419","article-title":"Assessment of grassland degradation near Lake Qinghai, West China, using Landsat TM and in situ reflectance spectra data","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.2111\/05-201R.1","article-title":"Remote sensing for grassland management in the arid Southwest","volume":"59","author":"Marsett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rangel. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Zhu, L. (2014). Remote Sensing Based Vegetation Dynamics in Southern Africa: Physiographic Gradients Determine the Relative Importance of Environmental Controls on Savanna Vegetation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948944","article-title":"Satellite Remote-Sensing of Primary Production","volume":"7","author":"Tucker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259509532298","article-title":"A review of vegetation indices","volume":"13","author":"Bannari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Evaluation of RGB-based vegetation indices from UAV imagery to estimate forage yield in grassland","volume":"42","author":"Lussem","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.02.009","article-title":"Multi-temporal mapping of the vegetation fraction in early-season wheat fields using images from UAV","volume":"103","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"6","article-title":"Remote sensing of vegetation from UAV platforms using lightweight multispectral and thermal imaging sensors","volume":"38","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Themistocleous, K. (2017, January 11\u201314). The use of UAVs for monitoring land degradation. Proceedings of the Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing\/GIS Applications VIII, Warsaw, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2279512"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70404026","article-title":"Evaluating multispectral images and vegetation indices for precision farming applications from UAV images","volume":"7","author":"Candiago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1165884","article-title":"Improving estimates of fractional vegetation cover based on UAV in alpine grassland on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5368","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6065368","article-title":"Remote sensing estimates of grassland aboveground biomass based on MODIS Net Primary Productivity (NPP): A case study in the Xilingol grassland of northern China","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Zhou, Y., Luo, H., Wang, F., and Wang, S. (2017). Estimation and analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics of the net primary productivity integrating efficiency model with process model in karst area. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050477"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.023","article-title":"Estimating aboveground biomass and leaf area of low-stature Arctic shrubs with terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"164","author":"Greaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayathunga, S., Owari, T., and Tsuyuki, S. (2018). Evaluating the performance of photogrammetric products using fixed-wing UAV imagery over a mixed conifer-broadleaf forest: Comparison with airborne laser scanning. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020187"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.005","article-title":"High spatial resolution three-dimensional mapping of vegetation spectral dynamics using computer vision","volume":"136","author":"Dandois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.023","article-title":"Structure from motion will revolutionize analyses of tidal wetland landscapes","volume":"199","author":"Kalacska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.11.041","article-title":"Methods for LiDAR-based estimation of extensive grassland biomass","volume":"156","author":"Hensgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105747","article-title":"Estimation of degraded grassland aboveground biomass using machine learning methods from terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"108","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"352","article-title":"Evaluation of 3D point cloud-based models for the prediction of grassland biomass","volume":"78","author":"Wijesingha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.013","article-title":"Characterization of pasture biophysical properties and the impact of grazing intensity using remotely sensed data","volume":"109","author":"Numata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/gfs.12065","article-title":"Grassland responses to grazing disturbance: Plant diversity changes with grazing intensity in a desert steppe","volume":"69","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Grass Forage Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2494.2007.00571.x","article-title":"Effects of livestock breed and grazing intensity on biodiversity and production in grazing systems. 1. Nutritive value of herbage and livestock performance","volume":"62","author":"Isselstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Grass Forage Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.12.034","article-title":"Responses of alpine vegetation and soils to the disturbance of plateau pika ( Ochotona curzoniae ) at burrow level on the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau of China","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2017.03.001","article-title":"The contribution of plateau pika disturbance and erosion on patchy alpine grassland soil on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Implications for grassland restoration","volume":"297","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105551","article-title":"Spatial pattern of pika holes and their effects on vegetation coverage on the Tibetan Plateau: An analysis using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery","volume":"107","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.068","article-title":"Using negative soil adjustment factor in soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) for aboveground living biomass estimation in arid grasslands","volume":"209","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353691","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1353691","article-title":"Significant Remote Sensing Vegetation Indices: A Review of Developments and Applications","volume":"2017","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"415","article-title":"Distribution and cause of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae) burrows in Henan Mongolian Autonomous county, Qinghai Province","volume":"43","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1308","article-title":"A method for calculating the suitable monthly carrying capacity of seasonal pasture-Taking heriheng Village, Henan County, Qinghai Province as example","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pratacult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-007-0075-0","article-title":"Soil erosion and vegetation succession in alpine Kobresia steppe meadow caused by plateau pika\u2014A case study of Nagqu County, Tibet","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"114","article-title":"The distribution of the plateau pika and its effect on grass Kobresia pygmaea in the Tianjun and Kangyang regions","volume":"4","author":"Xiao","year":"1981","journal-title":"Contrib. Rodent Control Rodent Biol. Beijing Sci. Press"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Hoffmann, R.S., Lunde, D., MacKinnon, J., Wilson, D.E., Wozencraft, W.C., and Gemma, F. (2013). Mammals of China, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ16093","article-title":"Plateau pika disturbances alter plant productivity and soil nutrients in alpine meadows of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"39","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rangel. J."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"225","article-title":"Effects of rodent activities on primary productivity and soil physical characteristics in alpine meadow","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"130","article-title":"Rodent damage assessment on the plateau pika","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Pratacult. Sin."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sun, F. (2008). Effects of Burrowing Plateau Pika (Ochotona Curzoniae) Densities on Primary Productivity and Soil Resource Characteristics in Alpine Meadow. [Ph.D. Thesis, Gansu Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/9.6.622","article-title":"Social and ecological influences on dispersal and philopatry in the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae)","volume":"9","author":"Dobson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12244","article-title":"Grazing intensity affects insect diversity via sward structure and heterogeneity in a long-term experiment","volume":"51","author":"Jerrentrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2015.09.0595","article-title":"Selecting Turfgrasses and Mowing Practices that Reduce Mowing Requirements","volume":"56","author":"Law","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062763","article-title":"Radiometric normalization of temporal images combining automatic detection of pseudo-invariant features from the distance and similarity spectral measures, density scatterplot analysis, and robust regression","volume":"5","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility study of using non-calibrated UAV-based RGB imagery for grassland monitoring: Case study at the Rengen Long-term Grassland Experiment (RGE), Germany","volume":"24","author":"Bareth","year":"2015","journal-title":"DGPF Tag."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L. (2005). Support Vector Machines: Theory and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/b95439"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90013-N","article-title":"The spectral image processing system (SIPS)\u2014interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data","volume":"44","author":"Kruse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90048-B","article-title":"A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"37","author":"Congalton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"401","article-title":"Estimating the kappa coefficient and its variance under stratified random sampling","volume":"62","author":"Stehman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"79","article-title":"Combining UAV-based plant height from crop surface models, visible, and near infrared vegetation indices for biomass monitoring in barley","volume":"39","author":"Bendig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11119-018-9600-7","article-title":"Improved estimation of rice aboveground biomass combining textural and spectral analysis of UAV imagery","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Precis. Agric."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-019-0402-3","article-title":"Improved estimation of aboveground biomass in wheat from RGB imagery and point cloud data acquired with a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle system","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Huang, Z.H., Sun, H., and Wang, G.X. (2017). Mapping Forest Ecosystem Biomass Density for Xiangjiang River Basin by Combining Plot and Remote Sensing Data and Comparing Spatial Extrapolation Methods. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9030241"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Nie, S., Xi, X., Luo, S., and Sun, X. (2017). Estimating the biomass of maize with hyperspectral and LiDAR data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010011"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.07.026","article-title":"High-resolution mapping of aboveground shrub biomass in Arctic tundra using airborne lidar and imagery","volume":"184","author":"Greaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.017","article-title":"A meta-analysis of terrestrial aboveground biomass estimation using lidar remote sensing","volume":"128","author":"Zolkos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/gfs.12439","article-title":"Canopy height measurements and non-destructive biomass estimation of Lolium perenne swards using UAV imagery","volume":"74","author":"Muylle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Grass Forage Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcm009","article-title":"A new method for non-destructive measurement of biomass, growth rates, vertical biomass distribution and dry matter content based on digital image analysis","volume":"99","author":"Tackenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.02.008","article-title":"Grazing vs. mowing: A meta-analysis of biodiversity benefits for grassland management","volume":"222","author":"Talle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2307\/3565876","article-title":"Three-dimensional distribution of plant biomass in relation to grazing and topography in the shortgrass steppe","volume":"55","author":"Milchunas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2494.2011.00793.x","article-title":"The effect of grazing management on plant species richness on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"66","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Grass Forage Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13007-019-0394-z","article-title":"Modeling maize above-ground biomass based on machine learning approaches using UAV remote-sensing data","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.01.012","article-title":"A comparison of multi-spectral, multi-angular, and multi-temporal remote sensing datasets for fractional shrub canopy mapping in Arctic Alaska","volume":"114","author":"Selkowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-14-259-2014","article-title":"Sample size matters: Investigating the effect of sample size on a logistic regression susceptibility model for debris flows","volume":"14","author":"Heckmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"2861","article-title":"Estimating natural grassland biomass by vegetation indices using Sentinel 2 remote sensing data","volume":"41","author":"Kuplich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"159","article-title":"A radiative transfer model-based method for the estimation of grassland aboveground biomass","volume":"54","author":"Quan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:11Z","timestamp":1760162951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13112105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13112105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}