{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T19:10:54Z","timestamp":1771614654741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the use of aerial photogrammetry and LiDAR techniques to analyze landslide activity over a long time span\u2014just over 32 years. The data correspond to several aerial surveys (1984, 1996, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2016) covering an area of about 50 km2 along highway A-44, near Ja\u00e9n (Southern Spain). An ad hoc combined photogrammetric and LiDAR aerial survey of 2010 was established as the reference flight. This flight was processed by means of direct orientation methods and iterative adjustments between both data sets. Meanwhile, historical flights available in public geographical data servers were oriented by transferring ground control points from the reference flight. Then, digital surface models (DSMs) and orthophotographs were generated, as well as the corresponding differential models (DoDs), which, after the application of filters and taking into account the estimated uncertainty of \u00b1 1 m, allowed us to identify true changes on the ground surface. This analysis, complemented by photointerpretation, led us to obtain a landslide multitemporal inventory in the study area that was analyzed in order to characterize the landslide type, morphology and activity. Three basic typologies were identified: rock falls\u2013collapses, slides and flows. These types present different morphometric properties (area, perimeter and height interval) and are associated with different conditions (height, slope, orientation and lithology). Moreover, a set of monitoring areas, common for the different flights, was also used to analyze the activity throughout the study period. Thus, some more active periods were identified (2009\u20132010, 2010\u20132011, 2011\u20132013 and 1996\u20132001) among other less active ones (1984\u20131996, 2001\u20132005, 2005\u20132009 and 2013\u20132016), which are related to rainy events and dry years, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1622113622000},"page":"2110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Multitemporal Landslide Inventory and Activity Analysis by Means of Aerial Photogrammetry and LiDAR Techniques in an Area of Southern Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6822-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3815-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Cardenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9988-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Varnes, D.J. (1984). Landslide Hazard Zonation: A Review of Principles and Practice, Natural Hazards, UNESCO."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.18814\/epiiugs\/1991\/v14i1\/008","article-title":"The world landslide problem","volume":"14","author":"Brabb","year":"1991","journal-title":"Episodes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.02.001","article-title":"landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem","volume":"112","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-555X(93)90013-R","article-title":"Mass movements; the research frontier and beyond: A geomorphological approach","volume":"7","author":"Brunsden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-006-0064-z","article-title":"Engineering geology maps: Landslides and geographical information systems (GIS)","volume":"65","author":"Irigaray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.004","article-title":"Remote sensing of landslides: An analysis of the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment in mountainous environments","volume":"98","author":"Metternicht","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9600","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6109600","article-title":"Remote sensing for landslide investigations: An overview of recent achievements and perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Scaioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C., and Lu, Z. (2018). Remote sensing of landslides\u2014A review. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020279"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"475","article-title":"Time for change\u2014Quantifying landslide evolution using historical aerial photographs and modern photogrammetric methods","volume":"Volume 35","author":"Altan","year":"2004","journal-title":"The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Proceedings of the 20th ISPRS Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, 12\u201323 July 2004"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Gil-Cruz, J., and Sanso, F. (2006). The use of digital photogrammetry techniques in landslide instability. Geodetic Deformation Monitoring: From Geophysical to Geodetic Roles, IAG Springer Series."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.09.033","article-title":"Landslide dynamics from high-resolution aerial photographs: A case study from the Western Carpathians, Slovakia","volume":"115","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0413-5","article-title":"Development of a methodological approach for the accurate measurement of slope changes due to landslides, using digital photogrammetry","volume":"11","author":"Doughty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"486","article-title":"Object-oriented methods for landslides detection using high resolution imagery, morphometric properties and meteorological data","volume":"Volume 38","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of ISPRS TC VII Symposium\u2014100 Years ISPRS, Vienna, Austria, 5\u20137 July 2010"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.02.006","article-title":"Decadal-scale analysis of ground movements in old landslides in western Belgium","volume":"99","author":"Dewitte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-433-2009","article-title":"Estimating mass-wasting processes in active earth slides\u2014Earth flows with time-series of high-resolution DEMs from photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR","volume":"9","author":"Corsini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, T., P\u00e9rez, J.L., Colomo, C., Cardenal, J., Delgado, J., Palenzuela, J.A., Irigaray, C., and Chac\u00f3n, J. (2017). Assessment of the evolution of a landslide using digital photogrammetry and LiDAR techniques in the Alpujarras Region (Granada, Southeastern Spain). Geosciences, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences7020032"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamps, M.T., Bouten, W., and Seijmonsbergen, A.C. (2017). LiDAR and orthophoto synergy to optimize object-based landscape change: Analysis of an active landslide. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9080805"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.09.004","article-title":"Kinematics of a deep-seated landslide derived from photogrammetric, GPS and geophysical data","volume":"88","author":"Brunner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-4-359-2016","article-title":"Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry\u2014Merits, limits and developments","volume":"4","author":"Eltner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2011.03.012","article-title":"UAV-based remote sensing of the Super-Sauze landslide: Evaluation and results","volume":"128","author":"Niethammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, T., P\u00e9rez, J.L., Cardenal, F.J., G\u00f3mez, J.M., Colomo, C., and Delgado, J. (2016). Analysis of landslide evolution affecting olive groves using UAV and photogrammetric techniques. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100837"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-0978-0","article-title":"Multitemporal UAV surveys for landslide mapping and characterization","volume":"15","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4502","article-title":"Automated co-registration and calibration in SfM photogrammetry for landslide change detection","volume":"44","author":"Peppa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardenal, J., Fern\u00e1ndez, T., P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda, J.L., and G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez, J.M. (2019). Measurement of road surface deformation using images captured from UAVs. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121507"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.07.006","article-title":"Analysis of LiDAR-derived topographic information for characterizing and differentiating landslide morphology and activity","volume":"73","author":"Glenn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6010042","article-title":"Detecting large-scale landslides using Lidar data and aerial photos in the Namasha-Liuoguey Area, Taiwan","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.03.008","article-title":"High-resolution topography for understanding Earth surface processes: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"216","author":"Tarolli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70809705","article-title":"Identification of forested landslides using LiDAR data, object-based image analysis, and machine learning algorithms","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, B. (2017). A supervised object-based detection of landslides and man-made slopes using airborne laser scanning Data. Laser Scanning Applications in Landslide Assessment, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55342-9_2"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawluszek-Filipiak, K., and Borkowski, A. (2020). On the importance of train-test split ratio of datasets in automatic landslide detection by supervised classification. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183054"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-014-0534-5","article-title":"Landslide detection and inventory by integrating LiDAR data in a GIS environment","volume":"12","author":"Palenzuela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-15-715-2015","article-title":"Multi-temporal LiDAR-DTMs as a tool for modelling a complex landslide: A case study in the Rotolon catchment (eastern Italian Alps)","volume":"15","author":"Bossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Yamazaki, F., and Maruyama, Y. (2019). Detection of earthquake-induced landslides during the 2018 Kumamoto earthquake using multitemporal airborne Lidar data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192292"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora, O.E., Lenzano, M.G., Toth, C.K., Grejner-Brzezinska, D.A., and Fayne, J.V. (2018). Landslide change detection based on multi-temporal airborne LiDAR-derived DEMs. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8010023"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Cartograf\u00eda de movimientos de ladera en el frente monta\u00f1oso de la Cordillera B\u00e9tica en el sector de Ja\u00e9n","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Cuesta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geotemas 13, Proceedings of the Actas del VIII Congreso Geol\u00f3gico de Espa\u00f1a, Oviedo, Espa\u00f1a, 17\u201319 June 2012"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"241","article-title":"Use of a light UAV and photogrammetric techniques to study the evolution of a landslide in Ja\u00e9n (Southern Spain)","volume":"40","author":"Cardenal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Carpena, R.L., Mellado, I., Moya, F., Colomo, C., B\u00e9dmar, P., Calero, J., P\u00e9rez, A., Fern\u00e1ndez, T., S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez, M., and Tovas, J. (2017, January 27\u201330). An\u00e1lisis de riesgos asociados a las infraestructuras viarias de la Diputaci\u00f3n Provincial de Ja\u00e9n. Proceedings of the IX Simposio Nacional Sobre Laderas y Taludes Inestables, Santander, Spain. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"12","article-title":"Slope movement, types and processes","volume":"Volume 176","author":"Schuster","year":"1978","journal-title":"Landslides: Analysis and Control"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0436-y","article-title":"The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update","volume":"11","author":"Hungr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rold\u00e1n, F.J., Lupiani, E., and Jerez, L. (1988). Mapa Geol\u00f3gico de Espa\u00f1a, Escala 1:50.000, Mapa y Memoria Explicativa, Instituto Geol\u00f3gico Nacional. (In Spanish)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/2016TC004414","article-title":"An evaporite-bearing accretionary complex in the northern front of the Betic-Rif orogeny","volume":"36","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tectonics"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, January 31). Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional (IGN), Fototeca Digital. Available online: http:\/\/fototeca.cnig.es\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2021, January 31). Instituto de Estad\u00edstica y Cartograf\u00eda de Andaluc\u00eda (IECA), Fototeca. Available online: http:\/\/www.juntadeandalucia.es\/institutodeestadisticaycartografia\/fototeca\/."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B7-639-2016","article-title":"Methodology for orientation and fusion of photogrammetric and LiDAR data for multitemporal studies","volume":"XLI-B7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, T., P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda, J.L., G\u00f3mez-L\u00f3pez, J.M., Cardenal, J., Calero, J., S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez, M., Delgado, J., and Tovar-Pescador, J. (2020). Multitemporal analysis of Gully erosion in olive groves by means of digital elevation models obtained with aerial photogrammetric and LiDAR data. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040260"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2011). Socet Set 5.6, Bae Systems Plc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160032","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.32","article-title":"Digital elevation model and orthophotographs of Greenland based on aerial photographs from 1978\u20131987","volume":"3","author":"Korsgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"QGIS 3 (2021, January 31). A Free and Open Source Geographic Information System. Available online: https:\/\/www.qgis.org\/en\/site\/."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9837(200008)25:9<973::AID-ESP111>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Monitoring and modelling morphological change in a braided gravel-bedriver using high resolution GPS-based survey","volume":"25","author":"Brasington","year":"2000","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Landf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2021, January 31). Instituto de Estad\u00edstica y Cartograf\u00eda de Andaluc\u00eda (IECA), Localizador de Informaci\u00f3n Geogr\u00e1fica de Andaluc\u00eda. Available online: http:\/\/www.juntadeandalucia.es\/institutodeestadisticaycartografia\/lineav2\/web\/."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/02757259509532298","article-title":"A review of vegetation indices","volume":"13","author":"Bannari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040108542184","article-title":"Spatially located platform and aerial photography for documentation of grazing impacts on wheat","volume":"16","author":"Louhaichi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1886","article-title":"Accounting for uncertainty in DEMs from repeat topographic surveys: Improved sediment budgets","volume":"35","author":"Wheaton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.07.009","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of relic landslides using detailed landslide distribution maps: Implications for forecasting travel distance of future landslides","volume":"103","author":"Hattanji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Union of Geological Sciences Working Group on Landslides (1995). A suggested method for describing the rate of movement of a landslide. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 52, 75\u201378.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02602683"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WP\/WLI (1993). A suggested method for describing the activity of a landslide. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 47, 53\u201357.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02639593"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"251","article-title":"Movimientos de ladera y factores determinantes en la vertiente septentrional de la Depresi\u00f3n de Granada (sector Colomera-Zagra)","volume":"7","author":"Boussouf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Geol. Espa\u00f1a"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9837(199906)24:6<537::AID-ESP965>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Verification of landslide susceptibility mapping. A case study","volume":"24","author":"Irigaray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9027-8","article-title":"Evaluation and validation of landslide susceptibility maps obtained by a GIS matrix method: Examples from the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain)","volume":"41","author":"Irigaray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.03.001","article-title":"A review of statistically-based landslide susceptibility models","volume":"180","author":"Reichenbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IAEG (1990). Commission on Landslides. Suggested nomenclature for landslides. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 41, 13\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02590202"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2005.06.002","article-title":"Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment at the basin scale","volume":"72","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg\/17\/1973\/78","article-title":"Techniques for the morphometric analysis of landslips","volume":"17","author":"Crozier","year":"1973","journal-title":"Z. Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1139\/t97-047","article-title":"The relationship between the probability of landslide occurrence and rainfall","volume":"34","author":"Finlay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Guzzeti, F. (2002, January 2\u20134). Landslide hazard assessment and risk evaluation: Limits and prospectives. Proceedings of the 4th EGS Plinius Conference, Mediterranean Storms, Mallorca, Spain."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1048","article-title":"NAO influence on precipitation, river flow and water resources in the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"24","author":"Trigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2110\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1760162950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13112110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13112110","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}