{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:03:41Z","timestamp":1776441821952,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation LiDAR (GEDI) is a new full waveform (FW) based LiDAR system that presents a new opportunity for the observation of forest structures globally. The backscattered GEDI signals, as all FW systems, are distorted by topographic conditions within their footprint, leading to uncertainties on the measured forest variables. In this study, we explore how well several approaches based on waveform metrics and ancillary digital elevation model (DEM) data perform on the estimation of stand dominant heights (Hdom) and wood volume (V) across different sites of Eucalyptus plantations with varying terrain slopes. In total, five models were assessed on their ability to estimate Hdom and four models for V. Results showed that the models using the GEDI metrics, such as the height at different energy quantiles with terrain data from the shuttle radar topography mission\u2019s (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) were still dependent on the topographic slope. For Hdom, an RMSE increase of 14% was observed for data acquired over slopes higher than 20% in comparison to slopes between 10 and 20%. For V, a 74% increase in RMSE was reported between GEDI data acquired over slopes between 0\u201310% and those acquired over slopes higher than 10%. Next, a model relying on the height at different energy quantiles of the entire waveform (HTn) and the height at different energy quartiles of the bare ground waveform (HGn) was assessed. Two sets of the HGn metrics were generated, the first one was obtained using a simulated waveform representing the echo from a bare ground, while the second one relied on the actual ground return from the waveform by means of Gaussian fitting. Results showed that both the simulated and fitted models provide the most accurate estimates of Hdom and V for all slope ranges. The simulation-based model showed an RMSE that ranged between 1.39 and 1.66 m (between 26.76 and 39.26 m3\u00b7ha\u22121 for V) while the fitting-based method showed an RMSE that ranged between 1.26 and 1.34 m (between 26.78 and 36.29 m3\u00b7ha\u22121 for V). Moreover, the dependency of the GEDI metrics on slopes was greatly reduced using the two sets of metrics. As a conclusion, the effect of slopes on the 25-m GEDI footprints is rather low as the estimation on canopy heights from uncorrected waveforms degraded by a maximum of 1 m for slopes between 20 and 45%. Concerning the wood volume estimation, the effect of slopes was more pronounced, and a degradation on the accuracy (increased RMSE) of a maximum of 20 m3\u00b7ha\u22121 was observed for slopes between 20 and 45%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"2136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Terrain Slope Effect on Forest Height and Wood Volume Estimation from GEDI Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Fayad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, TETIS, AgroParisTech, University Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-4120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, TETIS, AgroParisTech, University Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7731-6327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clayton","family":"Alcarde Alvares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unesp, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agron\u00f4micas, Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil"},{"name":"Suzano SA, Estrada Limeira 391, Limeira 13465-970, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Jose Luiz","family":"Stape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unesp, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Agron\u00f4micas, Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4163-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean St\u00e9phane","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Agroalimentaire, LISAH, University Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, CEDEX 1, 34060 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"AgroParisTech, 75005 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Henrique Ferra\u00e7o","family":"Scolforo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzano SA, Estrada Limeira 391, Limeira 13465-970, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0833-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Italo Ramos","family":"Cegatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suzano SA, Estrada Limeira 391, Limeira 13465-970, Brazil"},{"name":"ESALQ\u2014Escola Superior de Agricultura \u201cLuiz de Queiroz\u201d, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. P\u00e1dua Dias 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehrez","family":"Zribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/INRAE\/IRD\/UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-958X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guerric","family":"Le Maire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, 34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Institut Agroalimentaire, Eco&Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"Performance of GNSS-R GLORI Data for Biomass Estimation over the Landes Forest","volume":"74","author":"Zribi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. 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