{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T20:21:54Z","timestamp":1769113314445,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this research is to explore the analysis of methods allowing a synergetic use of information exchange between Earth Observation (EO) data and growth models in order to provide high spatial and temporal resolution actual evapotranspiration predictions. An assimilation method based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter algorithm allows for combining Sentinel-2 data with a new version of Simple Algorithm For Yield (SAFY_swb) that considers the effect of the water balance on yield and estimates the daily trend of evapotranspiration (ET). Our study is relevant in the context of demonstrating the effectiveness and necessity of satellite missions such as Land Surface Temperature Monitoring (LSTM), to provide high spatial and temporal resolution data for agriculture. The proposed method addresses the problem both from a spatial point of view, providing maps of the areas of interest of the main biophysical quantities of vegetation (LAI, biomass, yield and actual Evapotranspiration), and from a temporal point of view, providing a simulation on a daily basis of the aforementioned variables. The assimilation efficiency was initially evaluated with a synthetic, large and heterogeneous dataset, reaching values of 70% even for high measurement errors of the assimilated variable. Subsequently, the method was tested in a case study in central Italy, allowing estimates of the daily Actual Evapotranspiration with a relative RMSE of 18%. The novelty of this research is in proposing a solution that partially solves the main problems related to the synergistic use of EO data with crop growth models, such as the difficult calibration of initial parameters, the lack of frequent high-resolution data or the high computational cost of data assimilation methods. It opens the way to future developments, such as the use of simultaneous assimilation of multiple variables, to deeper investigations using more specific datasets and exploiting the advanced tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"2138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Synergistic Use of Multispectral Data and Crop Growth Modelling for Spatial and Temporal Evapotranspiration Estimations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Paolo Cosmo","family":"Silvestro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, ESRIN, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Casa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAFNE, Universit\u00e0 della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hanu\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Research Institute\u2014CzechGlobe, Czech Academy of Sciences, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Koetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, ESRIN, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Rascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Schuettemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, ESTEC, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"Siegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Drazen","family":"Skokovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Cambio Global (UCG), Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sobrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Cambio Global (UCG), Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6329-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marin","family":"Tudoroiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency, ESRIN, 00044 Frascati, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2017). 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