{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:51:45Z","timestamp":1770040305953,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Funding Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["2020Z223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020Z223"]}]},{"name":"Project of Green Yang and Golden Phoenix","award":["Non"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Non"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To allow extraction of irrigation signals from satellite-derived data on soil moisture, this study describes the development of an irrigation signal extraction method that takes into account multiple environmental factors in irrigation. Firstly, the fuzzy membership functions of irrigation relating to multiple environmental factors are constructed. Then, a model is built based on the fuzzy membership functions by using operation rules of fuzzy sets, which is used to infer the relevant degree of irrigation to nonirrigation. Finally, the irrigation signals in satellite-based soil moisture data are recognized according to the relevant degree. Taking Henan Province in the North China Plain as the study area, the proposed method is used to extract irrigation signals from the SMAP Level 3 Passive Soil Moisture Product. Extracted irrigation signals from two SMAP grids are validated using daily in situ soil moisture and precipitation data, with the results showing correct identification of most of the irrigation signals. By grading the membership degree of the extracted irrigation signals, irrigation frequency maps for the 2016\u20132017 winter crop growth season and the 2017 summer crop growth season are obtained for Henan Province. Compared to the irrigation frequency maps with data on the annual precipitation and the annual potential evapotranspiration, the irrigation frequency maps show a spatial pattern opposite that of the annual precipitation and a spatial pattern similar to that of the annual potential evapotranspiration. It is common sense that areas with low precipitation and high evapotranspiration need more irrigation frequency and irrigation water. Thus, the spatial patterns of irrigation frequency maps are reasonable in a sense. However, it should be noted that the observed irrigation data used in the qualitative assessments are rendered less convincing by the SMAP product\u2019s coarse resolution. Quantitative validation of extracted irrigation signals remains a significant challenge, and small-scale irrigation cannot be captured by coarse-resolution satellite-based soil moisture products. Thus, a high-resolution soil moisture product should be used to extract irrigation signals in future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T03:45:29Z","timestamp":1622432729000},"page":"2142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Extraction of Irrigation Signals by Using SMAP Soil Moisture Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7161-4646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A-Xing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210046, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210046, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210046, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-9-535-2005","article-title":"Development and validation of the global map of irrigation areas","volume":"9","author":"Siebert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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