{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:06:58Z","timestamp":1768259218643,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C3013676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C3013676"]}]},{"name":"Architecture &amp; Urban Development Research Program funded by Ministry of Land, Infra-structure and Transport of Korean government","award":["20AUDP-B100343-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20AUDP-B100343-06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mean radiant temperature (MRT) is an indicator for evaluating the radiant heat environment near occupants and is determined by the radiant heat exchange between the occupants and their surroundings. To control various heating and cooling systems according to the occupants\u2019 thermal comfort, it is essential to consider MRTs in the real-time evaluation of thermal environment. This study proposes a pan\u2013tilt infrared (IR) scanning method to estimate the MRTs at multiple occupant locations in real buildings. The angle factor was calculated by defining the specific classification criteria for dividing the entire indoor surface into sub-surfaces. The coupling IR camera and pan\u2013tilt motor were applied to enable storing data pairs of IR thermal image frame (IR image frame) and pan\u2013tilt angle so each surface area taken by the IR camera can have its direction information. The measurement method of the mean surface temperature using the pan\u2013tilt IR system was presented. The pan\u2013tilt IR system hardware and MRT monitoring software were developed. An experiment was performed to verify the applicability of the proposed pan\u2013tilt IR scanning method. By comparing the surface temperatures measured using a contact thermometer and the proposed IR system, the contact thermometer could cause inaccurate measurement of surfaces with a non-uniform distribution of temperature. The difference between surface temperatures increased by up to 15 \u00b0C and, accordingly, the MRT distributions differed by up to 6 \u00b0C within the same space. The proposed IR scanning method showed good applicability in various aspects. This paper reports that the MRT has a significant effect on the occupants\u2019 thermal comfort and also suggests considering MRTs in the real-time evaluation of thermal environment to control various heating and cooling systems appropriately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T21:42:06Z","timestamp":1622497326000},"page":"2158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pan\u2013Tilt IR Scanning Method for the Remote Measurement of Mean Radiant Temperatures at Multi-Location in Buildings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dong-Seok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Science and Technology Research Institute, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hun","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Architecture, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.06.014","article-title":"On the understanding of the mean radiant temperature within both the indoor and outdoor environment, a critical review","volume":"117","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. 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