{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T03:52:19Z","timestamp":1768276339957,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX12AQ76G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX12AQ76G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K0701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC19K0712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19K0712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC19K0732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19K0732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC20K0982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20K0982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA15NES4320001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA15NES4320001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["333901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["333901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface precipitation phase is a fundamental meteorological property with immense importance. Accurate classification of phase from satellite remotely sensed observations is difficult. This study demonstrates the ability of the Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP), a ground-based, in situ precipitation imager, to distinguish precipitation phase. The PIP precipitation phase identification capabilities are compared to observer records from the National Weather Service (NWS) office in Marquette, Michigan, as well as co-located observations from profiling and scanning radars, disdrometer data, and surface meteorological measurements. Examined are 13 events with at least one precipitation phase transition. The PIP-determined onsets and endings of the respective precipitation phase periods agree to within 15 min of NWS observer records for the vast majority of the events. Additionally, the PIP and NWS liquid water equivalent accumulations for 12 of the 13 events were within 10%. Co-located observations from scanning and profiling radars, as well as reanalysis-derived synoptic and thermodynamic conditions, support the accuracy of the precipitation phases identified by the PIP. PIP observations for the phase transition events are compared to output from a parameterization based on wet bulb and near-surface lapse rates to produce a probability of solid precipitation. The PIP phase identification and the parameterization output are consistent. This work highlights the ability of the PIP to properly characterize hydrometeor phase and provide dependable precipitation accumulations under complicated mixed-phase and rain and snow (or vice versa) transition events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T21:03:32Z","timestamp":1622754212000},"page":"2183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Precipitation Imaging Package: Phase Partitioning Capabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8685-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Pettersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry F.","family":"Bliven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, VA 23337, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Kulie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Satellite Products Branch, NOAA\/NESDIS\/Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman B.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Shates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Weather Service, NOAA, Milwaukee, WI 53118, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian E.","family":"Mateling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6090-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35808, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-1217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annakaisa","family":"von Lerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, VA 23337, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0434(1987)002<0289:TIOJSC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The interaction of jet streak circulations during heavy snow events along the east coast of the United States","volume":"2","author":"Uccellini","year":"1987","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1995)076<0165:OOTMS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Overview of the 12\u201314 March 1993 superstorm","volume":"76","author":"Kocin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. 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