{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:08:04Z","timestamp":1769155684364,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), and the resulting sea level rise, requires an understanding of inter-annual variability and associated causal mechanisms. Very few studies have been exploring the influence of climate anomalies on the AIS and only a vague estimate of its impact is available. Changes to the ice sheet are quantified using observations from space-borne altimetry and gravimetry missions. We use data from Envisat (2002 to 2010) and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) (2002 to 2016) missions to estimate monthly elevation changes and mass changes, respectively. Similar estimates of the changes are made using weather variables (surface mass balance (SMB) and temperature) from a regional climate model (RACMO2.3p2) as inputs to a firn compaction (FC) model. Elevation changes estimated from different techniques are in good agreement with each other across the AIS especially in West Antarctica, Antarctic Peninsula, and along the coasts of East Antarctica. Inter-annual height change patterns are then extracted using for the first time an empirical mode decomposition followed by a principal component analysis to investigate for influences of climate anomalies on the AIS. Investigating the inter-annual signals in these regions revealed a sub-4-year periodic signal in the height change patterns. El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate anomaly that alters, among other parameters, moisture transport, sea surface temperature, precipitation, in and around the AIS at similar frequency by alternating between warm and cold conditions. This periodic behavior in the height change patterns is altered in the Antarctic Pacific (AP) sector, possibly by the influence of multiple climate drivers, like the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Height change anomaly also appears to traverse eastwards from Coats Land to Pine Island Glacier (PIG) regions passing through Dronning Maud Land (DML) and Wilkes Land (WL) in 6 to 8 years. This is indicative of climate anomaly traversal due to the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW). Altogether, inter-annual variability in the SMB of the AIS is found to be modulated by multiple competing climate anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1623031000000},"page":"2199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Inter-Annual Variability in the Antarctic Ice Sheets Using Geodetic Observations and a Climate Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athul","family":"Kaitheri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, G\u00e9oazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2931-9034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"M\u00e9min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement, G\u00e9oazur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique","family":"R\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etude en G\u00e9ophysique et Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiales, Observatoire Midi-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-375-2013","article-title":"Bedmap2: Improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica","volume":"7","author":"Fretwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07669","article-title":"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year","volume":"457","author":"Steig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17145","article-title":"Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise","volume":"531","author":"DeConto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. 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