{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:00:45Z","timestamp":1777266045576,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20190778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190778"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20190777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41905124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42005064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFC0214604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC0214604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the effect of day\/night factor on the detection performance of the FY4A lightning mapping imager (LMI) is evaluated using the Bayesian theorem, and by comparing it to the measurements made by a ground-based low-frequency magnetic field lightning location system. Both the datasets were collected in the summers of 2019\u20132020 in Hainan, China. The results show that for the observed summer thunderstorms in Hainan, the daytime detection efficiencies of LMI (DELMI) were 20.41~35.53% lower than the nighttime DELMI. Compared to other space-based lightning sensors (lightning imaging sensors\/optical transient detectors (LIS\/OTD) and geostationary lightning mapper (GLM)), the detection performance of LMI is more significantly influenced by the day\/night factor. The DELMI rapidly dropped within about four hours after sunrise while it increased before sunset. For the storms that formed at night and lasted for an entire day, the DELMI remained relatively low during the daytime, even as the thunderstorms intensified. The poor detection performance of LMI during daytime is probably because of the sunlight reflection by clouds and atmosphere, which results in larger background radiative energy density (RED) than that at night. During night, LMI captured the lightning signals well with low RED (8.38~10.63 \u03bcJ sr\u22121 m\u22122 nm\u22121). However, during daytime, signals with RED less than 77.12 \u03bcJ sr\u22121 m\u22122 nm\u22121 were filtered, thus lightning groups could rarely be identified by LMI, except those with extremely high RED. Due to the limitations of the Bayesian theorem, the obtained DE in this study was \u201crelative\u201d DE rather than \u201cabsolute\u201d DE. To obtain the absolute DE of LMI, the total lightning density is necessary but can hardly be measured. Nonetheless, the results shown here clearly indicate the strong impact of day\/night factor on the detection performance of LMI, and can be used to improve the design and post-processing method of LMI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1623031000000},"page":"2200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Day\/Night Factor on the Detection Performance of FY4A Lightning Mapping Imager in Hainan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Engineering Technology Research Center for Meteorological Disaster Prevention, Qingdao Meteorological Bureau, Qingdao 266000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqin","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disaster (CIC-FEMD), Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4470-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wolfe, W.L., and Nagler, M. 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