{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:03:44Z","timestamp":1787029424430,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/22262-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/22262-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are a remarkable property for soil and environmental monitoring. The understanding of their dynamics in crop soils must go forward. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of temporal environmental controlling factors obtained by satellite images over the SOC stocks along soil depth, using machine learning algorithms. The work was carried out in S\u00e3o Paulo state (Brazil) in an area of 2577 km2. We obtained a dataset of boreholes with soil analyses from topsoil to subsoil (0\u2013100 cm). Additionally, remote sensing covariates (30 years of land use history, vegetation indexes), soil properties (i.e., clay, sand, mineralogy), soil types (classification), geology, climate and relief information were used. All covariates were confronted with SOC stocks contents, to identify their impact. Afterwards, the abilities of the predictive models were tested by splitting soil samples into two random groups (70 for training and 30% for model testing). We observed that the mean values of SOC stocks decreased by increasing the depth in all land use and land cover (LULC) historical classes. The results indicated that the random forest with recursive features elimination (RFE) was an accurate technique for predicting SOC stocks and finding controlling factors. We also found that the soil properties (especially clay and CEC), terrain attributes, geology, bioclimatic parameters and land use history were the most critical factors in controlling the SOC stocks in all LULC history and soil depths. We concluded that random forest coupled with RFE could be a functional approach to detect, map and monitor SOC stocks using environmental and remote sensing data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T01:56:40Z","timestamp":1623031000000},"page":"2223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Drivers of Organic Carbon Stocks in Different LULC History and along Soil Depth for a 30 Years Image Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0950-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahboobeh","family":"Tayebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Tadeu","family":"Fim Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1271-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanderson de Sousa","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) M\u00fcncheberg, Research Area1 \u201cLandscape Functioning\u201d, Working Group Landscape Pedology, 15374 M\u00fcncheberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1628-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Roberto","family":"Poppiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaser","family":"Ostovari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Science, Research Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3800-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando Chimelo","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6931-4548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha Valadares","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-4056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino","family":"Cerri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9rgio Henrique Godinho","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2604-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilton","family":"Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6021-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9lida Elizabet Qui\u00f1onez","family":"Silvero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. M.","family":"Dematt\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, P\u00e1dua Dias Av., 11, Piracicaba, P.O. Box 09, S\u00e3o Paulo 13416-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.696","article-title":"Enhancing crop yields in the developing countries through restoration of the soil organic carbon pool in agricultural lands","volume":"17","author":"Lal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s40974-016-0024-9","article-title":"Soil carbon dynamics and climate change: Current agro-environmental perspectives and future dimensions","volume":"1","author":"Srivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Ecol. 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