{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:34:16Z","timestamp":1774956856989,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of volcanic clouds in the atmosphere affects air quality, the environment, climate, human health and aviation safety. The importance of the detection and retrieval of volcanic SO2 lies with risk mitigation as well as with the possibility of providing insights into the mechanisms that cause eruptions. Due to their intrinsic characteristics, satellite measurements have become an essential tool for volcanic monitoring. In recent years, several sensors, with different spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions, have been launched into orbit, significantly increasing the effectiveness of the estimation of the various parameters related to the state of volcanic activity. In this work, the SO2 total masses and fluxes were obtained from several satellite sounders\u2014the geostationary (GEO) MSG-SEVIRI and the polar (LEO) Aqua\/Terra-MODIS, NPP\/NOAA20-VIIRS, Sentinel5p-TROPOMI, MetopA\/MetopB-IASI and Aqua-AIRS\u2014and compared to one another. As a test case, the Christmas 2018 Etna eruption was considered. The characteristics of the eruption (tropospheric with low ash content), the large amount of (simultaneously) available data and the different instrument types and SO2 columnar abundance retrieval strategies make this cross-comparison particularly relevant. Results show the higher sensitivity of TROPOMI and IASI and a general good agreement between the SO2 total masses and fluxes obtained from all the satellite instruments. The differences found are either related to inherent instrumental sensitivity or the assumed and\/or calculated SO2 cloud height considered as input for the satellite retrievals. Results indicate also that, despite their low revisit time, the LEO sensors are able to provide information on SO2 flux over large time intervals. Finally, a complete error assessment on SO2 flux retrievals using SEVIRI data was realized by considering uncertainties in wind speed and SO2 abundance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T22:23:00Z","timestamp":1623104580000},"page":"2225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Tropospheric Volcanic SO2 Mass and Flux Retrievals from Satellite. The Etna December 2018 Eruption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9432-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Corradini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), ONT, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1894-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), ONT, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugues","family":"Brenot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), 1180 Uccle Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lieven","family":"Clarisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectroscopie de l\u2018Atmosph\u00e8re, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6910-8800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Merucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), ONT, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Pardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Pisa, 56125 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9285-9565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred J.","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIRES Pty. Ltd., Mt Eliza 3930, Australia"},{"name":"Visiting Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Realmuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Mail Stop 183-501, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Stelitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), ONT, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Theys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spectroscopie de l\u2018Atmosph\u00e8re, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2011.73.13","article-title":"Sulfur Degassing from Volcanoes: Source Conditions, Surveillance, Plume Chemistry and Earth System Impacts","volume":"73","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. 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