{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:43:57Z","timestamp":1767192237897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite remote sensing is a valuable tool for coastal management, enabling the possibility to repeatedly observe nearshore sandbars. However, a lack of methodological approaches for sandbar detection prevents the wider use of satellite data in sandbar studies. In this paper, a novel fully automated approach to extract nearshore sandbars in high\u2013medium-resolution satellite imagery using a GIS-based algorithm is proposed. The method is composed of a multi-step workflow providing a wide range of data with morphological nearshore characteristics, which include nearshore local relief, extracted sandbars, their crests and shoreline. The proposed processing chain involves a combination of spectral indices, ISODATA unsupervised classification, multi-scale Relative Bathymetric Position Index (RBPI), criteria-based selection operations, spatial statistics and filtering. The algorithm has been tested with 145 dates of PlanetScope and RapidEye imagery using a case study of the complex multiple sandbar system on the Curonian Spit coast, Baltic Sea. The comparison of results against 4 years of in situ bathymetric surveys shows a strong agreement between measured and derived sandbar crest positions (R2 = 0.999 and 0.997) with an average RMSE of 5.8 and 7 m for PlanetScope and RapidEye sensors, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed approach implies its feasibility to study inter-annual and seasonal sandbar behaviour and short-term changes related to high-impact events. Algorithm-provided outputs enable the possibility to evaluate a range of sandbar characteristics such as distance from shoreline, length, width, count or shape at a relevant spatiotemporal scale. The design of the method determines its compatibility with most sandbar morphologies and suitability to other sandy nearshores. Tests of the described technique with Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI data show that it can be applied to publicly available medium resolution satellite imagery of other sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T22:23:00Z","timestamp":1623104580000},"page":"2233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Novel GIS-Based Approach for Automated Detection of Nearshore Sandbar Morphological Characteristics in Optical Satellite Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasa","family":"Janu\u0161ait\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Laurynas","family":"Jukna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03100 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5885-9366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darius","family":"Jarmalavi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7310-7090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatas","family":"Pupienis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Gintautas","family":"\u017dilinskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.5194\/esurf-2-309-2014","article-title":"Morphological coupling in multiple sandbar systems\u2014A review","volume":"2","author":"Price","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2112\/SI65-010.1","article-title":"Investigating the role of complex sandbar morphology on nearshore hydrodynamics","volume":"70","author":"Cohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-15-145-2008","article-title":"Multivariate Analysis of Nonlinearity in Sandbar Behavior","volume":"15","author":"Pape","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.07.009","article-title":"Data-based methods and algorithms for the analysis of sandbar behavior with exogenous variables","volume":"72","author":"Osorio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00177-0","article-title":"Barred beaches","volume":"48","author":"Wijnberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(94)90007-8","article-title":"Temporal and spatial scales of beach profile change, Duck, North Carolina","volume":"117","author":"Larson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.12.012","article-title":"Regional scale sandbar variability: Observations from the U.S. Pacific Northwest","volume":"95","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"860","article-title":"Long-term field observations of multiple bar properties on an eroding coast","volume":"64","author":"Yuhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1086\/628082","article-title":"Offshore Bars along the Alaskan Arctic Coast","volume":"83","author":"Short","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Geol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(02)00234-0","article-title":"Video observations of nearshore bar behaviour. Part 1: Alongshore uniform variability","volume":"23","author":"Ruessink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribas, F., Falqu\u00e9s, A., and Garnier, R. (2017). Nearshore Sand Bars on Western Mediterranean Beaches. Atlas of Bedforms in the Western Mediterranean, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33940-5_14"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-4343(02)00235-2","article-title":"Video observations of nearshore bar behaviour. Part 2: Alongshore non-uniform variability","volume":"23","author":"Ruessink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.2112\/SI65-317.1","article-title":"The correlated behavior of sandbars and foredunes on a nontidal coast (Danube Delta, Romania)","volume":"165","author":"Preoteasa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Cohn, N., Ruggiero, P., De Vries, S., and Garc\u00eda-Medina, G. (2017, January 12\u201316). Beach Growth Driven by Intertidal Sandbar Welding. Proceedings of the Coastal Dynamics, Helsing\u00f8r, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2018.12.003","article-title":"A synthetic review of remote sensing applications to detect nearshore bars","volume":"408","author":"Ellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(94)90030-2","article-title":"The behaviour of a multiple bar system in the nearshore zone of Terschelling, the Netherlands: 1965\u20131993","volume":"121","author":"Ruessink","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(03)00336-0","article-title":"Alongshore variability of the multiple barred coast of Terschelling, The Netherlands","volume":"203","author":"Grunnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2004.09.006","article-title":"Morphodynamic response of nearshore bars to a shoreface nourishment","volume":"52","author":"Grunnet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruessink, B.G., Wijnberg, K.M., Holman, R.A., Kuriyama, Y., and van Enckevort, I.M.J. (2003). Intersite comparison of interannual nearshore bar behavior. J. Geophys. Res. C Ocean., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JC001505"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JC000899","article-title":"Medium-term bar behavior and associated sediment transport at Hasaki, Japan","volume":"107","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. C Ocean."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(95)00084-C","article-title":"Extracting decadal morphological behaviour from high-resolution, long-term bathymetric surveys along the Holland coast using eigenfunction analysis","volume":"126","author":"Wijnberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Short, A.D. (1992). Beach systems of the central Netherlands coast: Processes, morphology and structural impacts in a storm driven multi-bar system. Mar. Geol., 107.","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(92)90071-O"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"721","article-title":"Typology of nearshore bars in the Gulf of Lions (France) using LIDAR technology","volume":"64","author":"Aleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.03.029","article-title":"Longshore variability of beach states and bar types in a microtidal, storm-influenced, low-energy environment","volume":"241","author":"Aleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2013.06.007","article-title":"Formation and migration of transverse bars along a tidal sandy coast deduced from multi-temporal Lidar datasets","volume":"342","author":"Levoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taramelli, A., Cappucci, S., Valentini, E., Rossi, L., and Lisi, I. (2020). Nearshore Sandbar Classification of Sabaudia (Italy) with LiDAR Data: The FHyL Approach. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12071053"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1029\/JC094iC01p00995","article-title":"Quantification of Sand Bar Morphology: A Video Technique Based on Wave Dissipation","volume":"94","author":"Lippmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1029\/JC095iC07p11575","article-title":"The Spatial and Temporal Variability of Sand Bar Morphology","volume":"95","author":"Lippmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.11.004","article-title":"Dynamics of a nearshore bar system in the northern Adriatic: A video-based morphological classification","volume":"126","author":"Armaroli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.07.017","article-title":"Video monitoring of sandbar-shoreline response to an offshore submerged structure at a microtidal beach","volume":"295","author":"Bouvier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parlagreco, L., Melito, L., Devoti, S., Perugini, E., Soldini, L., Zitti, G., and Brocchini, M. (2019). Monitoring for coastal resilience: Preliminary data from five italian sandy beaches. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081854"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.04.007","article-title":"Shoreline resilience to individual storms and storm clusters on a meso-macrotidal barred beach","volume":"290","author":"Angnuureng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(00)00060-8","article-title":"Analysis of observed two-and three-dimensional nearshore bar behaviour","volume":"169","author":"Ruessink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(00)00057-8","article-title":"The statistics and kinematics of transverse sand bars on an open coast","volume":"169","author":"Konicki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"C06028","article-title":"Observations of nearshore crescentic sandbars","volume":"109","author":"Ruessink","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. C Ocean."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribas, F., and Kroon, A. (2007). Characteristics and dynamics of surfzone transverse finger bars. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000685"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2010.12.018","article-title":"State dynamics of a double sandbar system","volume":"31","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1706","article-title":"High-frequency video observation of two nearby double-barred beaches under high-energy wave forcing","volume":"2009","author":"Almar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"110","article-title":"Video-monitoring of a barred nourished beach","volume":"64","author":"Parlagreco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2015.06.010","article-title":"Sandbar straightening under wind-sea and swell forcing","volume":"368","author":"Contardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Splinter, K., Harley, M., and Turner, I. (2018). Remote Sensing Is Changing Our View of the Coast: Insights from 40 Years of Monitoring at Narrabeen-Collaroy, Australia. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111744"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2007.01.003","article-title":"The history and technical capabilities of Argus","volume":"54","author":"Holman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2011.09.015","article-title":"Short-term sandbar variability based on video imagery: Comparison between Time-Average and Time-Variance techniques","volume":"289","author":"Guedes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2013.07.018","article-title":"Observations of shoreline-sandbar coupling on an embayed beach","volume":"344","author":"Bryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2025","article-title":"An open source, low cost video-based coastal monitoring system","volume":"35","author":"Nieto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1582","article-title":"Application of Remote Sensing Video Systems to Coastal Defence Monitoring","volume":"II","author":"Rihouey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.2112\/SI65-306.1","article-title":"Video-imaging of transient rip currents on the Gold Coast open beaches","volume":"165","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriolo, U., S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda, E., and Taborda, R. (2019). Operational use of surfcam online streaming images for coastal morphodynamic studies. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010078"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-14-00090.1","article-title":"Evaluation of Opportunistic Shoreline Monitoring Capability Utilizing Existing \u201csurfcam\u201d Infrastructure","volume":"32","author":"Bracs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2019.04.004","article-title":"Sub-annual to multi-decadal shoreline variability from publicly available satellite imagery","volume":"150","author":"Vos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","article-title":"Automated Water Extraction Index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery","volume":"140","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Di, K., Wang, J., Ma, R., and Li, R. (2003, January 5). Automatic Shoreline Extraction from Highresolution IKONOS Satellite Imagery. Proceedings of the ASPRS 2003 Annual Conference, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2015.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of annual mean shoreline position deduced from Landsat imagery as a mid-term coastal evolution indicator","volume":"372","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"295","article-title":"A multisource approach for coastline mapping and identification of shoreline changes","volume":"49","author":"Guariglia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112035","article-title":"Shallow water bathymetry with multi-spectral satellite ocean color sensors: Leveraging temporal variation in image data","volume":"250","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.872909","article-title":"Multispectral Bathymetry Using a Simple Physically Based Algorithm","volume":"44","author":"Lyzenga","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"127","article-title":"Determination of the best methodology for bathymetry mapping using SPOT 6 imagery: A study of 12 empirical algorithms","volume":"14","author":"Manessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote. Sens. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabr, B., Ahmed, M., and Marmoush, Y. (2020). PlanetScope and Landsat 8 Imageries for Bathymetry Mapping. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8020143"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2004.05.006","article-title":"Morphodynamics of nearshore rhythmic sandbars in a mixed-energy environment (SW France): I. Mapping beach changes using visible satellite imagery","volume":"61","author":"Lafon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn, R., and Rodr\u00edguez-Santalla, I. (2013). Detection of Submerged Sand Bars in the Ebro Delta Using Aster Images. New Frontiers in Engineering Geology and the Environment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31671-5_16"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2018.07.013","article-title":"Analysing decadal-scale crescentic bar dynamics using satellite imagery: A case study at Anmok beach, South Korea","volume":"405","author":"Athanasiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111555","article-title":"Nearshore sandbars crest position dynamics analysed based on Earth Observation data","volume":"237","author":"Constantin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"044502","article-title":"Applying a rule-based object-based image analysis approach for nearshore bar identification and characterization","volume":"14","author":"Ellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"220","article-title":"Influence of wind wave climate change on coastal processes in the eastern Baltic Sea","volume":"64","author":"Dailidiene","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2017.10.004","article-title":"Assessment of wave climate and energy resources in the Baltic Sea nearshore (Lithuanian territorial water)","volume":"60","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsrc.2017.07.006","article-title":"Geologic framework as a factor controlling coastal morphometry and dynamics. Curonian Spit, Lithuania","volume":"32","author":"Pupienis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sediment Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-3227(84)90008-2","article-title":"Morphodynamic variability of surf zones and beaches: A synthesis","volume":"56","author":"Wright","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2021, May 09). Planet Team Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. Available online: https:\/\/api.planet.com\/."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2021, May 09). Planet Planet Imagery Products Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/assets.planet.com\/docs\/Planet_Combined_Imagery_Product_Specs_letter_screen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"102260","article-title":"Fusion of Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope time-series data into daily 3 m surface reflectance and wheat LAI monitoring","volume":"96","author":"Sadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.01.042","article-title":"Sowing date detection at the field scale using CubeSats remote sensing","volume":"157","author":"Sadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.067","article-title":"A Cubesat enabled Spatio-Temporal Enhancement Method (CESTEM) utilizing Planet, Landsat and MODIS data","volume":"209","author":"Houborg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.104893","article-title":"Normalization method for multi-sensor high spatial and temporal resolution satellite imagery with radiometric inconsistencies","volume":"164","author":"Leach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kudela, R.M., Hooker, S.B., Houskeeper, H.F., and McPherson, M. (2019). The Influence of Signal to Noise Ratio of Legacy Airborne and Satellite Sensors for Simulating Next-Generation Coastal and Inland Water Products. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182071"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., and Fan, J. (2009, January 17\u201319). Salt and Pepper Noise Removal by Adaptive Median Filter and Minimal Surface Inpainting. Proceedings of the 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2009.5303579"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1109\/36.62623","article-title":"Adaptive speckle filters and scene heterogeneity","volume":"28","author":"Lopes","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J. (1980). Sen Digital Image Enhancement and Noise Filtering by Use of Local Statistics. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 165\u2013168.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1980.4766994"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuan, D.T., Sawchuk, A.A., Strand, T.C., and Chavel, P. (1985). Adaptive Noise Smoothing Filter for Images with Signal-Dependent Noise. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 165\u2013177.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1985.4767641"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"McFeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s41976-019-00030-w","article-title":"Extracting Shoreline from Satellite Imagery for GIS Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Ghorai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2018.04.003","article-title":"Evaluating metrics of local topographic position for multiscale geomorphometric analysis","volume":"312","author":"Newman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.22158\/se.v3n2p128","article-title":"Multiscale Landforms Classification Based on UAV Datasets","volume":"3","author":"Doumit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.12.015","article-title":"Application of the topographic position index to heterogeneous landscapes","volume":"186","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-015-0055-9","article-title":"Landform classification using topography position index (case study: Salt dome of Korsia-Darab plain, Iran)","volume":"1","author":"Mokarram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Liu, A. (2008). DEM-based Analysis of Local Relief. Advances in Digital Terrain Analysis, Springer."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-3207-2016","article-title":"A review of marine geomorphometry, the quantitative study of the seafloor","volume":"20","author":"Lecours","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Short, A.D., and Aagaard, T. (1993). Single and Multi-Bar Beach Change Models. J. Coast. Res., 141\u2013157."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascarenhas, V., and Keck, T. (2018). Marine Optics and Ocean Color Remote Sensing. YOUMARES 8\u2014Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning from Each Other, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93284-2_4"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2019.104528","article-title":"CoastSat: A Google Earth Engine-enabled Python toolkit to extract shorelines from publicly available satellite imagery","volume":"122","author":"Vos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2017.12.011","article-title":"On the accuracy of automated shoreline detection derived from satellite imagery: A case study of the sand motor mega-scale nourishment","volume":"133","author":"Hagenaars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-19-00055.1","article-title":"Rapid Assessment of Shoreline Changes Induced by Tropical Cyclone Oma Using CubeSat Imagery in Southeast Queensland, Australia","volume":"36","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pardo-Pascual, J., S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda, E., Almonacid-Caballer, J., Palomar-V\u00e1zquez, J., de los Santos, E.P., Fern\u00e1ndez-Sarr\u00eda, A., and Balaguer-Beser, \u00c1. (2018). Assessing the Accuracy of Automatically Extracted Shorelines on Microtidal Beaches from Landsat 7, Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 Imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020326"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.07.016","article-title":"Using LiDAR to quantify topographic and bathymetric details for sea turtle nesting beaches in Florida","volume":"125","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.06.010","article-title":"Modelling the local distribution of cold-water corals in relation to bathymetric variables: Adding spatial context to deep-sea video data","volume":"55","author":"Dolan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deep. Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410600738021","article-title":"A Benthic Terrain Classification Scheme for American Samoa","volume":"29","author":"Lundblad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00047","article-title":"Geomorphological Classification of the Benthic Structures on a Tropical Continental Shelf","volume":"6","author":"Goes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-017-9331-6","article-title":"Multisource multibeam backscatter data: Developing a strategy for the production of benthic habitat maps using semi-automated seafloor classification methods","volume":"39","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mio.2015.06.001","article-title":"Assessment of trawlable and untrawlable seafloor using multibeam-derived metrics","volume":"12","author":"Pirtle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08858","article-title":"Habitat suitability for marine fishes using presence-only modelling and multibeam sonar","volume":"420","author":"Monk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Source Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2020.102338","article-title":"Improving the predictive capability of benthic species distribution models by incorporating oceanographic data\u2014Towards holistic ecological modelling of a submarine canyon","volume":"184","author":"Pearman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2020.106239","article-title":"Spectral features of dual-frequency multibeam echosounder data for benthic habitat mapping","volume":"427","author":"Trzcinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diesing, M., Mitchell, P.J., O\u2019Keeffe, E., Gavazzi, G.O.A.M., and Bas, T. (2020). Le Limitations of Predicting Substrate Classes on a Sedimentary Complex but Morphologically Simple Seabed. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203398"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poursanidis, D., Traganos, D., Chrysoulakis, N., and Reinartz, P. (2019). Cubesats allow high spatiotemporal estimates of satellite-derived bathymetry. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111299"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1421796","article-title":"Shallow water bathymetry mapping using Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique and multispectral imagery","volume":"39","author":"Misra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2021.1904293","article-title":"A review and meta-analysis of remote sensing data, GIS methods, materials and indices used for monitoring the coastline evolution over the last twenty years","volume":"54","author":"Apostolopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133309105657","article-title":"Bathymetric mapping by means of remote sensing: Methods, accuracy and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"365","article-title":"A review of net offshore bar migration with photographic illustrations from Wanganui, New Zealand","volume":"15","author":"Shand","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1599","article-title":"Field observations of nearshore bar formation","volume":"33","author":"Aagaard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melito, L., Parlagreco, L., Perugini, E., Postacchini, M., Devoti, S., Soldini, L., Zitti, G., Liberti, L., and Brocchini, M. (2020). Sandbar dynamics in microtidal environments: Migration patterns in unprotected and bounded beaches. Coast. Eng.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coastaleng.2020.103768"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walstra, D.-J., Wesselman, D., van der Deijl, E., and Ruessink, G. (2016). On the Intersite Variability in Inter-Annual Nearshore Sandbar Cycles. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse4010015"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"59","article-title":"Monitoring bathymetric changes at storm scale","volume":"9","author":"Lindenbergh","year":"2010","journal-title":"PositionIT"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2009.05.011","article-title":"Daily to interannual cross-shore sandbar migration: Observations from a multiple sandbar system","volume":"29","author":"Ruessink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4728425","article-title":"Hierarchical Sea-Land Segmentation for Panchromatic Remote Sensing Imagery","volume":"2017","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paravolidakis, V., Ragia, L., Moirogiorgou, K., and Zervakis, M.E. (2018). Automatic coastline extraction using edge detection and optimization procedures. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8110407"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2233\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:11:49Z","timestamp":1760163109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/11\/2233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13112233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13112233","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]}}}