{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:40:22Z","timestamp":1776314422001,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping of groundwater potential in remote arid and semi-arid regions underneath sand sheets over a very regional scale is a challenge and requires an accurate classifier. The Classification and Regression Trees (CART) model is a robust machine learning classifier used in groundwater potential mapping over a very regional scale. Ten essential groundwater conditioning factors (GWCFs) were constructed using remote sensing data. The spatial relationship between these conditioning factors and the observed groundwater wells locations was optimized and identified by using the chi-square method. A total of 185 groundwater well locations were randomly divided into 129 (70%) for training the model and 56 (30%) for validation. The model was applied for groundwater potential mapping by using optimal parameters values for additive trees were 186, the value for the learning rate was 0.1, and the maximum size of the tree was five. The validation result demonstrated that the area under the curve (AUC) of the CART was 0.920, which represents a predictive accuracy of 92%. The resulting map demonstrated that the depressions of Mondafan, Khujaymah and Wajid Mutaridah depression and the southern gulf salt basin (SGSB) near Saudi Arabia, Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) borders reserve fresh fossil groundwater as indicated from the observed lakes and recovered paleolakes. The proposed model and the new maps are effective at enhancing the mapping of groundwater potential over a very regional scale obtained using machine learning algorithms, which are used rarely in the literature and can be applied to the Sahara and the Kalahari Desert.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1623709546000},"page":"2300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Regional Mapping of Groundwater Potential in Ar Rub Al Khali, Arabian Peninsula Using the Classification and Regression Trees Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samy","family":"Elmahdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS and Mapping Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5884-7464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarig","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GIS and Mapping Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1412-7219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.781287","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS applications of surface and near-surface hydromorphological features in Darfur region, Sudan","volume":"34","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dimock, W.C. (1961). A Study of the Water Resources of the Rub Al-Khali in Southern Saudi Arabia, ARAMCO. Unpublished Groundwater Report 22."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2113\/geoarabia0603407","article-title":"Paleozoic stratigraphy and hydrocarbon habitat of the Arabian Plate","volume":"6","author":"Geert","year":"2001","journal-title":"GeoArabia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00210-6","article-title":"Evidence for a large extended paleolake in the Eastern Sahara as revealed by spaceborne radar lab images","volume":"61","author":"Pachur","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-0182(01)00211-5","article-title":"Environmental change and archaeology: Lake evolution and human occupation in the Eastern Sahara during the Holocene","volume":"169","author":"Hoelzmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2014.997306","article-title":"Remote sensing and geophysical survey applications for delineating near-surface palaeochannels and shallow aquifer in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"30","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2014.996612","article-title":"Mapping of tecto-lineaments and investigate their association with earthquakes in Egypt: A hybrid approach using remote sensing data","volume":"7","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-013-0895-4","article-title":"Relationship between geological structures and groundwater flow and groundwater salinity in Al Jaaw Plain, United Arab Emirates; mapping and analysis by means of remote sensing and GIS","volume":"7","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"28","article-title":"Lakes of the Rub\u2019 Al-Khali","volume":"40","author":"Clark","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aramco World"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00160-5","article-title":"Detection of sand-covered geologic features in the Arabian Peninsula using SIR-C\/X-SAR data","volume":"59","author":"Dabbagh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4236\/ijg.2012.31004","article-title":"Hydromorphological mapping and analysis for characterizing darfur paleolake, NW Sudan using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"3","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.04.001","article-title":"Geochemical, isotopic, and remote sensing constraints on the origin and evolution of the Rub Al Khali aquifer system, Arabian Peninsula","volume":"356","author":"Sultan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-013-1161-5","article-title":"Groundwater spring potential mapping using bivariate statisticalmodel and GIS in the Taleghan watershed, Iran","volume":"8","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arabian J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2016.1169741","article-title":"Remote sensing and information value (IV) model for regional mapping of fluvial channels and topographic wetness in the Saudi Arabia","volume":"53","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.013","article-title":"Object-oriented mapping of landslides using Random Forests","volume":"115","author":"Stumpf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2011.02.022","article-title":"Combining Random Forests and object-oriented analysis for landslide mapping from very high-resolution imagery","volume":"3","author":"Stumpf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.12.007","article-title":"How can statistical models help to determine driving factors of landslides?","volume":"239","author":"Vorpahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31325-7_38","article-title":"Landslide Susceptibility Mapping at National Scale: The Italian Case Study","volume":"1","author":"Trigila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landslide Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9671.2007.01044.x","article-title":"Knowledge Discovery in the Environmental Sciences: Visual and Automatic Data Mining for Radon Problems in Groundwater","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.07.009","article-title":"Identifying the origin of groundwater samples in a multi-layer aquifer system with Random Forest classification","volume":"499","author":"Baudron","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"189","article-title":"Predictive modeling of groundwater nitrate pollution using Random Forest and multisource variables related to intrinsic and specific vulnerability: A case study in an agricultural setting (Southern Spain)","volume":"476\u2013477","author":"Mendes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2019.1594393","article-title":"Automated detection of lineaments express geological linear features of a tropical region using topographic fabric grain algorithm and the SRTM DEM","volume":"36","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmahdy, S., Ali, T., and Mohamed, M. (2020). Flash Flood Susceptibility Modeling and Magnitude Index Using Machine Learning and Geohydrological Models: A Modified Hybrid Approach. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172695"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.00102","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Mapping and Monitoring of Mangrove Forests Changes From 1990 to 2019 in the Northern Emirates, UAE Using Random Forest, Kernel Logistic Regression and Naive Bayes Tree Models","volume":"8","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmahdy, S., Mohamed, M., and Ali, T. (2020). Land Use\/Land Cover Changes Impact on Groundwater Level and Quality in the Northern Part of the United Arab Emirates. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111715"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmahdy, S.I., Mohamed, M.M., Ali, T.A., Abdalla, J.E.-D., and Abouleish, M. (2020). Land subsidence and sinkholes susceptibility mapping and analysis using random forest and frequency ratio models in Al Ain, UAE. Geocarto Int., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2020.1716398"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguiar, F.S., Almeida, L.L., Ruffino-Netto, A., Kritski, A.L., Mello, F.C., and Werneck, G.L. (2012). Classification and regression tree (CART) model to predict pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitalized patients. BMC Pulm. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-12-40"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-009-0451-1","article-title":"A case study using SVM, NN and logistic regression in a GIS to predict wells contaminated with Nitrate-N","volume":"17","author":"Dixon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.10.010","article-title":"GIS-based groundwater spring potential mapping in the Sultan Mountains (Konya, Turkey) using frequency ratio, weights of evidence and logistic regression methods and their comparison","volume":"411","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.05.015","article-title":"Using a binary logistic regression method and GIS for evaluating and mapping the groundwater spring potential in the Sultan Mountains (Aksehir, Turkey)","volume":"405","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0795-z","article-title":"Application of probabilistic-based frequency ratio model in groundwater potential mapping using remote sensing data and GIS","volume":"7","author":"Manap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A., and Stone, C.J. (2017). Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315139470"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.132.3437.1369","article-title":"Desert Geomorphology in the Arabian Peninsula","volume":"132","author":"Holm","year":"1960","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgell, H.S. (2006). Arabian Deserts: Nature, Origin and Evolution, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3970-0"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petraglia, M.D., Alsharekh, A., Breeze, P., Clarkson, C., and Crassard, R. (2012). Hominin Dispersal into the Nefud Desert and Middle Palaeolithic Settlement along the Jubbah Palaeolake, Northern Arabia. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049840"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patlakas, P., Stathopoulos, C., Flocas, H., Kalogeri, C., and Kallos, G. (2019). Regional Climatic Features of the Arabian Peninsula. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10040220"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(94)02551-L","article-title":"How wet is wet? Precipitation constraints on late quaternary climate in the southern Arabian Peninsula","volume":"164","author":"Woods","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2307\/635060","article-title":"Oyo a Lost Oasis of the Southern Libyan Desert","volume":"155","author":"Haynes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geograph. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmahdy, S., Ali, T., and Mohamed, M. (2021). Hydrological modeling of Ar Rub Al Khali, Arabian Peninsula: A modified remote sensing approach based on the weight of hydrological evidence. Geocarto Int., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2021.1936211"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"371","article-title":"Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphy","volume":"2","author":"Sharland","year":"2001","journal-title":"GeoArabia Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2003.206.01.15","article-title":"Development of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: Perspectives on accretion and de-formation in the northern East African Orogen and the assembly of Gondwana","volume":"206","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2007.06.005","article-title":"The Huqf Supergroup of Oman: Basin development and context for Neoproterozoic glaciation","volume":"84","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2005.09.019","article-title":"Nd, Pb, Sr, and O isotopic characterization of Saudi Arabian Shield terranes","volume":"226","author":"Stoeser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jqs.1560","article-title":"Late Pleistocene palaeolake in the interior of Oman: A potential key area for the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out-of-Africa?","volume":"27","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Quat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crassard, R., Petraglia, M.D., Drake, N.A., Breeze, P., Gratuze, B., Alsharekh, A., and Robin, C.J. (2013). Middle Palaeolithic and Ne-olithic occupations around Mundafan palaeolake, Saudi Arabia: Implications for climate change and human dispersals. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069665"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.04.020","article-title":"Human occupation of the Arabian empty quarter during MIS 5: Evidence from Mundafan Al-Buhayrah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"119","author":"Groucutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"10","article-title":"The evaporation of grondwater from coastal Playas in the Arabian Gulf","volume":"2","author":"Pike","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2016.1195884","article-title":"Fuzzy logic and multi-criteria methods for groundwater potentiality mapping at Al Fo\u2019ah area, the United Arab Emirates (UAE): An integrated approach","volume":"32","author":"Mohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(78)90047-0","article-title":"Early paleozoic glaciation in Arabia","volume":"25","author":"McClure","year":"1978","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyer, R.A., and Husseini, M. (1991). The Western Rub\u2019Al-Khali Infracambrian Graben System. Middle East Oil Show, Society of Petroleum Engineers.","DOI":"10.2523\/21396-MS"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2113\/geoarabia0302273","article-title":"Paleozoic Pre-Khuff Hydrocarbon Geology of the Ghawar Area, Eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"Wender","year":"1998","journal-title":"GeoArabia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-8152(99)00025-0","article-title":"Relationships between topographically expressed zones of flow accumulation and sites of fault intersection: Analysis by means of digital terrain modelling","volume":"15","author":"Florinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2012.724455","article-title":"Influence of geological structures on groundwater accumulation and groundwater salinity in Musandam Peninsula, UAE and Oman","volume":"28","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Poletaev, A.I. (1992). Fault Intersections of the Earth Crust, Geoinformmark."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1975.1141170","article-title":"Coherent electromagnetic losses by scattering from volume inhomogeneities","volume":"23","author":"Roth","year":"1975","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"33","article-title":"Vertical accuracy assessment of 30-M Resolution ALOS, ASTER, and SRTM global dems over northeastern Mindano, Philippines","volume":"41","author":"Santillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Jarvis, A., Rubiano, J., Nelson, A., and Farrow, A. (2004). Practical Use of SRTM Data in the Tropics: Comparisons with Digital Elevation Models Generated Cartographic Data, International Center for Tropical Agriculture."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2010.01.002","article-title":"Continental lithosphere of the Arabian Plate: A geologic, petrologic, and geophysical synthesis","volume":"101","author":"Stern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Jerome, F., Charles, J.S., and Richard, A.O. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth Int. Group."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.01.011","article-title":"Random forest in remote sensing: A review of applications and future directions","volume":"114","author":"Belgiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2008.09.012","article-title":"CART algorithm for spatial data: Application to environmental and ecological data","volume":"53","author":"Bel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty503","article-title":"Predicting miRNA\u2013disease association based on inductive matrix completion","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.2002.9517095","article-title":"Use of classification and regression tree (CART) analysis with chemical faecal indicators to determine sources of contamination","volume":"36","author":"Gregor","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.03.003","article-title":"GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region","volume":"101","author":"Kamp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2018\/v11i12\/99745","article-title":"Machine Learning Methods of Kernel Logistic Regression and Classification and Regression Trees for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment at Part of Himalayan Area, India","volume":"11","author":"Pham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.12.008","article-title":"Spatial prediction of landslides using a hybrid machine learning approach based on Random Subspace and Classification and Regression Trees","volume":"303","author":"Pham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Band, S.S., Janizadeh, S., Pal, C.S., Saha, A., Chakrabortty, R., Melesse, A.M., and Mosavi, A. (2020). Flash Flood Suscep-tibility Modeling Using New Approaches of Hybrid and Ensemble Tree-Based Machine Learning Algorithms. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213568"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064575","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2064575","article-title":"Assessment of Groundwater Potential Based on Multicriteria Decision Making Model and Decision Tree Algorithms","volume":"2016","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, P.T., Ha, D.H., Jaafari, A., Nguyen, H.D., Van Phong, T., Al-Ansari, N., Prakash, I., Van Le, H., and Pham, B.T. (2020). Groundwater Potential Mapping Combining Artificial Neural Network and Real AdaBoost Ensemble Technique: The DakNong Province Case-study, Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072473"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, L.A. (1975). The Measure of a Successful Information Storage and Retrieval System. Perspectives in Information Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-7759-7_27"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"StatSoft (2003). STATISTICA Data Miner: Integrating R Programs into the Data Miner Environment, GeoSoft, Inc.. StatSoft Business White Paper."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11279","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-015-1932-2","article-title":"Groundwater of Abu Dhabi Emirate: A regional assessment by means of remote sensing and geographic information system","volume":"8","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arabian J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Fragaszy, S., and McDonnell, R. (2016). Oasis at a Crossroads: Agriculture and Groundwater in Liwa, United Arab Emirates. IWMI Project Publication: Groundwater Governance in the Arab World\u2013Taking Stock and Addressing the Challenges, USAID."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, N., Noe, D., and He, X. (2006). Tree-Based Methods and Their Applications. Springer Handbook of Engineering Statistics, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-288-1_30"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Ollier, C. (1981). Tectonics and Landforms, Longman."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/12\/2300\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:25Z","timestamp":1760163205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/12\/2300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13122300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13122300","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]}}}