{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:42:20Z","timestamp":1773902540800,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["016. Vidi.189.070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016. Vidi.189.070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000936","name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000936","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fire severity is a key fire regime characteristic with high ecological and carbon cycle relevance. Prior studies on boreal forest fires primarily focused on mapping severity in North American boreal forests. However, the dominant tree species and their impacts on fire regimes are different between North American and Siberian boreal forests. Here, we used Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to test the potential for using the most common spectral index for assessing fire severity, the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), over two fire scars and 37 field plots in Northeast Siberian larch-dominated (Larix cajanderi) forests. These field plots were sampled into two different forest types: (1) dense young stands and (2) open mature stands. For this evaluation, the dNBR was compared to field measurements of the Geometrically structured Composite Burn Index (GeoCBI) and burn depth. We found a linear relationship between dNBR and GeoCBI using data from all forest types (R2 = 0.42, p &lt; 0.001). The dNBR performed better to predict GeoCBI in open mature larch plots (R2 = 0.56, p &lt; 0.001). The GeoCBI provides a holistic field assessment of fire severity yet is dominated by the effect of fire on vegetation. No significant relationships were found between GeoCBI components (overall and substrate stratum) and burn depth within our fires (p &gt; 0.05 in all cases). However, the dNBR showed some potential as a predictor for burn depth, especially in the dense larch forests (R2 = 0.63, p &lt; 0.001). In line with previous studies in boreal North America, the dNBR correlated reasonably well with field data of aboveground fire severity and showed some skills as a predictor of burn depth. More research is needed to refine spaceborne fire severity assessments in the larch forests of Northeast Siberia, including assessments of additional fire scars and integration of dNBR with other geospatial proxies of fire severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T22:25:46Z","timestamp":1623709546000},"page":"2311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Evaluating the Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio for Assessing Fire Severity Using Sentinel-2 Imagery in Northeast Siberian Larch Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9663-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clement J. F.","family":"Delcourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Alisha","family":"Combee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Izbicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}]},{"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}]},{"given":"Trofim","family":"Maximov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Lenina Ave., Yakutsk 677000, Russia"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Lenina Ave., Yakutsk 677000, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan M.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Scholten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5605-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana A.","family":"Shestakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5565-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dave","family":"van Wees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-5125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"Veraverbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2000.06019.x","article-title":"The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget","volume":"6","author":"Harden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00524-6","article-title":"Climate change and forest fires","volume":"262","author":"Flannigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1474-y","article-title":"Increasing wildfires threaten historic carbon sink of boreal forest soils","volume":"572","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3329","article-title":"Lightning as a major driver of recent large fire years in North American boreal forests","volume":"7","author":"Veraverbeke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2015.02.004","article-title":"Global estimates of boreal forest carbon stocks and flux","volume":"128","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01660.x","article-title":"Impacts of climate change on fire activity and fire management in the circumboreal forest","volume":"15","author":"Flannigan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08007","article-title":"Using Landsat data to assess fire and burn severity in the North American boreal forest region: An overview and summary of results","volume":"17","author":"French","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lutes, D.C., Keane, R.E., Caratti, J.F., Key, C.H., Benson, N.C., Sutherland, S., and Gangi, L.J. (2005). Landscape assessment (LA): Sampling and analysis methods. FIREMON: Fire Effects Monitoring and Inventory System, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-164.","DOI":"10.2737\/RMRS-GTR-164"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1071\/WF05097","article-title":"Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects","volume":"15","author":"Lentile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.022","article-title":"Burn Severity Estimation from Remotely Sensed Data: Performance of Simulation versus Empirical Models","volume":"108","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2307\/1941811","article-title":"Northern Peatlands: Role in the Carbon Cycle and Probable Responses to Climatic Warming","volume":"1","author":"Gorham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2000.06021.x","article-title":"Controls over carbon storage and turnover in high-latitude soils","volume":"6","author":"Hobbie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2307\/1942034","article-title":"Fire, Global Warming, and the Carbon Balance of Boreal Forests","volume":"5","author":"Kasischke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1071\/WF01038","article-title":"Fire, climate change, carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest","volume":"10","author":"Amiro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2295.1","article-title":"Quantifying fire severity, carbon, and nitrogen emissions in Alaska\u2019s boreal forest","volume":"20","author":"Boby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1139\/x02-051","article-title":"Process and patterns of duff consumption in the mixedwood boreal forest","volume":"32","author":"Miyanishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1139\/x05-159","article-title":"Variation in postfire organic layer thickness in a black spruce forest complex in interior Alaska and its effects on soil temperature and moisture","volume":"35","author":"Kasischke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01255.x","article-title":"Effects of wildfire and permafrost on soil organic matter and soil climate in interior Alaska","volume":"12","author":"Harden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7305","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-7305-2014","article-title":"Biomass Burning Fuel Consumption Rates: A Field Measurement Database","volume":"11","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2307\/1551763","article-title":"Susceptibility of permafrost soils to deep thaw after forest fires in interior Alaska, U.S.A., and some ecologic implications","volume":"28","author":"Swanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arct. Alp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafarov, E.E., Romanovsky, V.E., Genet, H., McGuire, A.D., and Marchenko, S.S. (2013). The effects of fire on the thermal stability of permafrost in lowland and upland black spruce forests of interior Alaska in a changing climate. Environ. Res. Lett., 8.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/035030"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JF003781","article-title":"Evidence for nonuniform permafrost degradation after fire in boreal landscapes","volume":"121","author":"Minsley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1360","article-title":"Alaska\u2019s changing fire regime\u2014Implications for the vulnerability of its boreal forests","volume":"40","author":"Kasischke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1027","article-title":"Recent acceleration of biomass burning and carbon losses in Alaskan forests and peatlands","volume":"4","author":"Turetsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14287","article-title":"Cross-scale controls on carbon emissions from boreal forest megafires","volume":"24","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, X.J., Rogers, B.M., Veraverbeke, S., Johnstone, J.F., Baltzer, J.L., Barrett, K., Bourgeau-Chavez, L., Day, N.J., de Groot, W.J., and Dieleman, C.M. (2020). Fuel availability not fire weather controls boreal wildfire severity and carbon emissions. Nat. Clim. Chang.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00920-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponomarev, E.I., Kharuk, V.I., and Ranson, K.J. (2016). Wildfires dynamics in Siberian larch forests. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7060125"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2018-0293","article-title":"Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century","volume":"49","author":"Hanes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.10.011","article-title":"GeoCBI: A modified version of the Composite Burn Index for the initial assessment of the short-term burn severity from remotely sensed data","volume":"113","author":"Chuvieco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049109354290","article-title":"Mapping burns and natural reforestation using thematic Mapper data","volume":"6","author":"Caselles","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.002","article-title":"Evaluation of remotely sensed indices for assessing burn severity in interior Alaska using Landsat TM and ETM+","volume":"96","author":"Epting","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701802497","article-title":"Estimating post-fire organic soil depth in the Alaskan boreal forest using the Normalized Burn Ratio","volume":"29","author":"Verbyla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.0202034","article-title":"Ecological and Sampling Constraints on Defining Landscape Fire Severity","volume":"2","author":"Key","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08034","article-title":"Assessing the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio\u2019s ability to map burn severity in the boreal forest and tundra ecosystems of Alaska\u2019s national parks","volume":"17","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002657","article-title":"Quantifying Fire-Wide Carbon Emissions in Interior Alaska Using Field Measurements and Landsat Imagery","volume":"119","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2307\/213287","article-title":"The Boreal Bioclimates","volume":"62","author":"Hare","year":"1972","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veraverbeke, S., Delcourt, C.J.F., Kukavskaya, E., Mack, M., Walker, X., Hessilt, T., Rogers, B., and Scholten, R.C. (2021). Direct and longer-term carbon emissions from arctic-boreal fires: A short review of recent advances. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2021.100277"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08107","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of Landsat TM\/ETM+ imagery for assessing fire severity in Alaskan black spruce forests","volume":"17","author":"Hoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08013","article-title":"Remote sensing of burn severity: Experience from western Canada boreal fires","volume":"17","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.02.001","article-title":"Modeling fire severity in black spruce stands in the Alaskan boreal forest using spectral and non-spectral geospatial data","volume":"114","author":"Barrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08050","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) to predict ecologically significant burn severity in Alaskan boreal forests","volume":"17","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, E.A. (1992). Fire and Vegetation Dynamics: Studies from the North American Boreal Forest, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623516"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Zhu, Z., Key, C., Ohlen, D., and Benson, N. (2006). Evaluate Sensitivities of Burn Severity Mapping Algorithms for Different Ecosystems and Fire Histories in the United States, Final Report to the Joint Fire Science Program, Project JFSP 01\u20131-4\u201312."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.12.015","article-title":"Comparison of AVIRIS and Landsat ETM+ detection capabilities for burn severity","volume":"92","author":"Root","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.12.006","article-title":"Quantifying burn severity in a heterogeneous landscape with a relative version of the delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR)","volume":"109","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2352","article-title":"Influence of tree species on continental differences in boreal fires and climate feedbacks","volume":"8","author":"Rogers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kharuk, V.I., Ponomarev, E.I., Ivanova, G.A., Dvinskaya, M.L., Coogan, S.C.P., and Flannigan, M.D. (2021). Wildfires in the Siberian taiga. Ambio.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-020-01490-x"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shugart, H.H., Leemans, R., and Bonan, G.B. (1992). Silvics of the circumpolar boreal forest tree species. A Systems Analysis of the Global Boreal Forest, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565489"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Richardson, D.M. (1998). Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: An introduction. Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedorov, A.N., Konstantinov, P.Y., Vasilyev, N.F., and Shestakova, A.A. (2019). The influence of boreal forest dynamics on the current state of permafrost in Central Yakutia. Polar Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polar.2019.100483"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9693-8_5","article-title":"Recovery of Forest Vegetation After Fire Disturbance","volume":"Volume 209","author":"Osawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Permafrost Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-019-01038-0","article-title":"Fuel Characteristics, loads and consumption in Scots pine forests of central Siberia","volume":"31","author":"Ivanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6062","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15158","article-title":"Wildfire combustion and carbon stocks in the southern Canadian boreal forest: Implications for a warming world","volume":"26","author":"Dieleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnstone, J.F., Hollingsworth, T.N., and Chapin, F.S. (2008). A Key Predicting Postfire Successional Trajectories in Black Spruce Stands of Interior Alaska, General Technical Report No. PNW-GTR-767.","DOI":"10.2737\/PNW-GTR-767"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manies, K.L., Harden, J.W., Silva, S.R., Briggs, P.H., and Schmid, B.M. (2021, April 06). Soil Data from Picea mariana Stands near Delta Junction, Alaska of Different Ages and Soil Drainage Type, Available online: https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/2004\/1271\/.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20041271"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026175718177","article-title":"Root system development of Larix gmelinii trees affected by micro-scale conditions of permafrost soils in central Siberia","volume":"255","author":"Kajimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9693-8_16","article-title":"Root System Development of Larch Trees Growing on Siberian Permafrost","volume":"Volume 209","author":"Osawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Permafrost Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1071\/WF17095","article-title":"Soil organic layer combustion in boreal black spruce and jack pine stands of the Northwest Territories, Canada","volume":"27","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-005-0012-9","article-title":"Hierarchical Clustering via Joint Between-Within Distances: Extending Ward\u2019s Minimum Variance Method","volume":"22","author":"Szekely","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedorov, A.N., Vasilyev, N.F., Torgovkin, Y.I., Shestakova, A.A., Varlamov, S.P., Zheleznyak, M.N., Shepelev, V.V., Konstantinov, P.Y., Kalinicheva, S.S., and Basharin, N.I. (2018). Permafrost-Landscape Map of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on a Scale 1:1,500,000. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8120465"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Main-Knorn, M., Pflug, B., Louis, J., Debaecker, V., M\u00fcller-Wilm, U., and Gascon, F. Sen2Cor for Sentinel-2. Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XXIII, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers Remote Sensing, Warsaw, Poland, 4 October 2017, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2278218"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500486690","article-title":"An automatic atmospheric correction algorithm for visible\/NIR imagery","volume":"27","author":"Richter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1855-2005","article-title":"Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations-description and examples of use","volume":"5","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168808954942","article-title":"Algorithm for automatic atmospheric corrections to visible and near-IR satellite imagery","volume":"9","author":"Kaufman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00044-3","article-title":"Atmospheric Precorrected Differential Absorption Technique to Retrieve Columnar Water Vapor","volume":"65","author":"Borel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108929660","article-title":"A quantitative relationship between forest growth rates and thematic mapper reflectance measurements","volume":"12","author":"Ahern","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing v. 4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, L., and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1990). Agglomerative Nesting (Program AGNES). Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316801"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Maechler, M., Rousseeuw, P.J., Struyf, A., Hubert, M., and Hornik, K. (2021, April 06). Cluster: Cluster Analysis Basics and Extensions. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=cluster."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Fox, J., and Weisberg, S. (2019). An R Companion to Applied Regression, Sage. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2017.1354803","article-title":"Evaluating and comparing Sentinel 2A and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) spectral indices for estimating fire severity in a Mediterranean pine ecosystem of Greece","volume":"55","author":"Mallinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"GIsci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"137","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of Landsat 8, Sentinel-2 and Deimos-1 remote sensing indices for assessing burn severity in Mediterranean fire-prone ecosystems","volume":"80","author":"Quintano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-3579-2015","article-title":"Daily burned area and carbon emissions from boreal fires in Alaska","volume":"12","author":"Veraverbeke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.0301064","article-title":"The relationship of multispectral satellite imagery to immediate fire effects","volume":"3","author":"Hudak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fire Ecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08002","article-title":"Evaluation of the composite burn index for assessing fire severity in Alaskan black spruce forests","volume":"17","author":"Kasischke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.08.005","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product","volume":"217","author":"Giglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2021, April 06). Global Forest Cover Change (GFCC) Tree Cover Multi-Year Global 30 m V003. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/MEaSUREs\/GFCC\/GFCC30TC.003."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/12\/2311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:13:45Z","timestamp":1760163225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/12\/2311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13122311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13122311","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]}}}