{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T07:43:26Z","timestamp":1784706206954,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0504201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0504201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing images with different spatial resolutions have different performance capabilities for gully extraction, so it is very important to study the suitability of different spatial resolutions for this purpose. In this study, part of the black soil area in Northeast China with serious gully erosion was taken as the study area, and Google Earth images with seven spatial resolutions ranging from 0.51 to 32.64 m, commonly used in gully erosion research, were selected as data sources. Combined with auxiliary data, gullies were extracted by visual interpretation. The interpretation results of images of different spatial resolutions were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the interpretation suitability of images of different spatial resolutions for different types of gullies under different classification systems was emphatically explored. The results indicate that the image with a spatial resolution of 1.02 m has the best performance when not considering the types of gullies. However, the image with a spatial resolution of 2.04 m is the most cost-effective and, therefore, the most suitable for general research. When it is necessary to distinguish the type of gully, the image with a spatial resolution of 0.51 m can be adapted for all situations. However, research on ephemeral gullies is of little practical significance. Therefore, the image with a spatial resolution of 1.02 m is the most universally useful image, being cheaper and easier to obtain. When the spatial resolution is 2.04 m or lower, it is necessary to select the spatial resolution according to the gully type required for practical application. When the spatial resolution is 8.16 or lower, the interpretation of gullies becomes very difficult or even impossible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1623928826000},"page":"2367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Suitability of Remote Sensing Images at Different Resolutions for Mapping of Gullies in the Black Soil Region, Northeast China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Biwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8281-5224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunguang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yongli, M., Feiyan, W., and Yuheng, W. (1983). Geography Dictionary, Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00630.x","article-title":"Livestock numbers in nineteenth-century new mexico, and the problem of gullying in the southwest","volume":"57","author":"Denevan","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"111","article-title":"Effect of land use change on gully erosion density in the black soil region of northeast china from 1965 to 2015: A case study of the kedong county","volume":"9","author":"Maojuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2007.02.004","article-title":"Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of northeast china","volume":"71","author":"Gang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.03.008","article-title":"Development of gullies and sediment production in the black soil region of northeastern china","volume":"101","author":"Yongqiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.12.042","article-title":"Assessment of the importance of gully erosion effective factors using Boruta algorithm and its spatial modeling and mapping using three machine learning algorithms","volume":"340","author":"Amiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.11.110","article-title":"Gully erosion zonation mapping using integrated geographically weighted regression with certainty factor and random forest models in GIS","volume":"232","author":"Arabameri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5110200","article-title":"Gully erosion mapping and monitoring at multiple scales based on multi-source remote sensing data of the Sancha River catchment, northeast China","volume":"5","author":"Ranghu","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1281","article-title":"Assessing soil erosion rates in cultivated areas of Navarre (Spain)","volume":"31","author":"Santisteban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4236\/pos.2013.42018","article-title":"Urban gully development in southwestern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Adediji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Positioning"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1320","article-title":"Gully erosion in the Siwalik Hills, Nepal: Estimation of sediment production from active ephemeral gullies","volume":"31","author":"Ghimire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5235","article-title":"Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near lake tana in the northern highlands of ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Tebebu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Langran, K.J. (September, January 31). Potential for monitoring soil erosion features and soil erosion modelling components from remotely sensed data. Proceedings of the IGARSS\u201983, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/03736245.1985.10559702","article-title":"Sediment sources, sediment transfer in a small lesotho catchment- a pilot study of the spatial distribution of erosion features and their variation with time and climate","volume":"67","author":"Stromquist","year":"1985","journal-title":"S. Afr. Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8287","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098287","article-title":"Detection of gully-affected areas by applying object-based image analysis (obia) in the region of Taroudannt, Morocco","volume":"6","author":"Marzolff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2018.04.011","article-title":"Large-scale mapping of gully-affected areas: An approach integrating google earth images and terrain skeleton information","volume":"314","author":"Kai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.093","article-title":"Assessing the performance of gis-based machine learning models with different accuracy measures for determining susceptibility to gully erosion","volume":"664","author":"Garosi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03025387","article-title":"Interpretation of satellite imagery for delineation of ravines","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/03736245.2012.742786","article-title":"Gully location mapping at a national scale for South Africa","volume":"94","author":"Mararakanye","year":"2012","journal-title":"S. Afr. Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gafurov, A.M., and Yermolayev, O.P. (2020). Automatic gully detection: Neural networks and computer vision. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111743"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0874-x","article-title":"An object-based approach for two-level gully feature mapping using high-resolution dem and imagery: A case study on hilly loess plateau region, china","volume":"27","author":"Kai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(98)00004-5","article-title":"Evaluating the information content of jers-1 sar and landsat tm data for discrimination of soil erosion features","volume":"53","author":"Metternicht","year":"1998","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2011.07.003","article-title":"Object-based gully feature extraction using high spatial resolution imagery","volume":"134","author":"Shruthi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2113\/gseegeosci.21.2.101","article-title":"Gully erosion mapping using object-based and pixel-based image classification methods","volume":"21","author":"Karami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.08.005","article-title":"Using colour, texture, and hierarchial segmentation for high-resolution remote sensing","volume":"63","author":"Stamon","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.6.665","article-title":"A multi-scale segmentation approach to mapping seagrass habitats using airborne digital camera imagery","volume":"72","author":"Lathrop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iswcr.2017.06.002","article-title":"The effect of grid size on the quantification of erosion, deposition, and rill network","volume":"5","author":"Xiaoyu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"90","article-title":"Analysis of erosion gully information extraction based on multi-resource remote sensing images","volume":"32","author":"Luoman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.05.027","article-title":"Comparison of differences in resolution and sources of controlling factors for gully erosion susceptibility mapping","volume":"330","author":"Younes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.01.010","article-title":"Quantifying temporal changes in gully erosion areas with object oriented analysis","volume":"128","author":"Shruthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1081\/CSS-120019103","article-title":"Soil organic carbon dynamics in black soils of China under different agricultural management systems","volume":"34","author":"Xiaobing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"MWR (Ministry of Water Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China) (2013). Bulletin of First National Water Census for Soil and Water Conservation, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"General Office of MWR (General Office of the Ministry of Water Resources of the People\u2019s Republic of China) (2016). General Situation of \u201cNational Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Civilization County\u201d Construction in Baiquan County, Heilongjiang Province, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"012019","article-title":"Investigation of the dynamics of ephemeral gully erosion on arable land of the forest-steppe and steppe zone of the east of the Russian Plain from remote sensing data","volume":"107","author":"Platoncheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"IOP Conf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2020, October 27). Qianfansoft.net. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"9","article-title":"Discriminations on common soil erosion terms and their implications for soil and water conservation","volume":"16","author":"Baoyuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2021, May 18). Wenku.baidu.com. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Taruvinga, K. (2009). Gully Mapping Using Remote Sensing: Case Study in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Waterloo]."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"193","article-title":"Classification of erosion gullies by remote sensing and spatial pattern analysis in black soil region of eastern Kebai","volume":"27","author":"Yechao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.002","article-title":"Spatial, spectral and temporal patterns of tropical forest cover change as observed with multiple scales of optical satellite data","volume":"106","author":"Hayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147061","article-title":"Mapping typical salt-marsh species in the yellow river delta wetland supported by temporal-spatial-spectral multidimensional features","volume":"783","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.06.025","article-title":"Quantifying long-term changes in gully networks and volumes in dryland environments: The case of northern ethiopia","volume":"201","author":"Frankl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2012.744777","article-title":"Transferring google earth observations to gis-software: Example from gully erosion study","volume":"6","author":"Frankl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Andrea, R., Brigitta, L., and Bal\u00e1zs, S. (May, January 27). Quantifying lavaka (gully) density and extension using freely accessible satellite imagery. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly 2014, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7973","DOI":"10.3390\/s8127973","article-title":"Horizontal positional accuracy of google earth\u2019s high-resolution imagery archive","volume":"8","author":"Potere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Mclnnes, J., Vigiak, O., and Roberts, A. (2011, January 12\u201316). Using google earth to map gully extent in the west gippsland region (victoria, australia). Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Perth, Australia."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"111","article-title":"Short to medium-term gully development: Human activity and gully erosion variability in selected spanish gully catchments","volume":"17","author":"Marzolff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landf. Anal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, C., Lei, S., Bian, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., and Cheng, W. (2019). Analysis of the development of an erosion gully in an open-pit coal mine dump during a winter freeze-thaw cycle by using low-cost uavs. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111356"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"141715","article-title":"May agricultural terraces induce gully erosion? A case study from the black soil region of northeast china","volume":"750","author":"Yanru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bathrellos, G.D., and Skilodimou, H.D. (2019). Land use planning for natural hazards. Land, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/land8090128"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barvels, E., and Fensholt, R. (2021). Earth observation-based detectability of the effects of land management programmes to counter land degradation: A case study from the highlands of the ethiopian plateau. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071297"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/12\/2367\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:17:37Z","timestamp":1760163457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/12\/2367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13122367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13122367","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]}}}