{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:40:42Z","timestamp":1760164842471,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Scholarship Council","award":["201906340109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201906340109"]}]},{"name":"Erasmus plus project","award":["I Genova 01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I Genova 01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nondestructive characterization of cylindrical objects is needed in many fields, such as medical diagnostics, tree trunk inspection, or concrete column testing. In this study, the radar equation of Lambot et al. is combined with cylindrical Green\u2019s functions to fully model and invert ultra-wideband (UWB) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data and retrieve the properties of cylindrical objects. Inversion is carried out using a lookup table (LUT) approach followed by local optimization to ensure retrieval of the global minimum of the objective function. Numerical experiments were conducted to analyze the capabilities of the developed inversion procedure to estimate the radius, permittivity, and conductivity of the cylinders. The full-wave model was validated in laboratory conditions on metallic and plastic pipes of different sizes. The adopted radar system consists of a lightweight vector network analyzer (VNA) connected to a single transmitting and receiving horn antenna. The numerical experiments highlighted the complexity of the inverse problem, mainly originating from the multiple propagation modes within cylindrical objects. The laboratory measurements demonstrated the accuracy of the forward modeling and reconstructions in far-field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1623928826000},"page":"2370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Full-Wave Modeling and Inversion of UWB Radar Data for Wave Propagation in Cylindrical Objects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4170-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Dachena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Kaijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6636-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fedeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Pastorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5291-462X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Randazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Lambot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-017-3531-3","article-title":"Ground penetrating radar (GPR) detects fine roots of agricultural crops in the field","volume":"423","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetto, A., and Pajewski, L. 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