{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:41:15Z","timestamp":1780548075490,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008398","name":"Villum Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VKR023443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VKR023443"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["731166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731166"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial patterns in long-term average evapotranspiration (ET) represent a unique source of information for evaluating the spatial pattern performance of distributed hydrological models on a river basin to continental scale. This kind of model evaluation is getting increased attention, acknowledging the shortcomings of traditional aggregated or timeseries-based evaluations. A variety of satellite remote sensing (RS)-based ET estimates exist, covering a range of methods and resolutions. There is, therefore, a need to evaluate these estimates, not only in terms of temporal performance and similarity, but also in terms of long-term spatial patterns. The current study evaluates four RS-ET estimates at moderate resolution with respect to spatial patterns in comparison to two alternative continental-scale gridded ET estimates (water-balance ET and Budyko). To increase comparability, an empirical correction factor between clear sky and all-weather ET, based on eddy covariance data, is derived, which could be suitable for simple corrections of clear sky estimates. Three RS-ET estimates (MODIS16, TSEB and PT-JPL) and the Budyko method generally display similar spatial patterns both across the European domain (mean SPAEF = 0.41, range 0.25\u20130.61) and within river basins (mean SPAEF range 0.19\u20130.38), although the pattern similarity within river basins varies significantly across basins. In contrast, the WB-ET and PML_V2 produced very different spatial patterns. The similarity between different methods ranging over different combinations of water, energy, vegetation and land surface temperature constraints suggests that robust spatial patterns of ET can be achieved by combining several methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T21:50:15Z","timestamp":1624225815000},"page":"2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Spatial Patterns in Actual Evapotranspiration Climatologies for Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Stisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0875-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Natural Water Production Theme, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology (Wetsus), 8911 Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5807-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gorka","family":"Mendiguren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Conservation and Natural Sciences, National Museum of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Langkilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4587-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7732-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.08.005","article-title":"Energy balance closure of eddy-covariance data: A multisite analysis for European FLUXNET stations","volume":"150","author":"Franssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. 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