{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:27:35Z","timestamp":1773358055245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0601600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0601600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016ZX05026-007-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZX05026-007-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a high resolution 3-D tomographic model of the upper mantle obtained from a large number of teleseismic travel time data from the ISC in the central Philippines. There are 2921 teleseismic events and 32,224 useful relative travel time residuals picked to compute the velocity structure in the upper mantle, which was recorded by 87 receivers and satisfied the requirements of teleseismic tomography. Crustal correction was conducted to these data before inversion. The fast-marching method (FMM) and a subspace method were adopted in the forward step and inversion step, respectively. The present tomographic model clearly images steeply subducting high velocity anomalies along the Manila trench in the South China Sea (SCS), which reveals a gradual changing of the subduction angle and a gradual shallowing of the subduction depth from the north to the south. It is speculated that the change in its subduction depth and angle indicates the cessation of the SCS spreading from the north to the south, which also implies that the northern part of the SCS opened earlier than the southern part. Subduction of the Philippine Sea (PS) plate is exhibited between 14\u00b0 N and 9\u00b0 N, with its subduction direction changing from westward to eastward near 13\u00b0 N. In the range of 11\u00b0 N\u20139\u00b0 N, the subduction of the Sulu Sea (SS) lies on the west side of PS plate. It is notable that obvious high velocity anomalies are imaged in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) between 14\u00b0 N and 9\u00b0 N, which are identified as the proto-SCS (PSCS) slabs and paleo-Pacific (PP) plate. It extends the location of the paleo-suture of PSCS-PP eastward from Borneo to the Philippines, which should be considered in studying the mechanism of the SCS and the tectonic evolution in SE Asia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"2449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Insights from the P Wave Travel Time Tomography in the Upper Mantle Beneath the Central Philippines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-6654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi Min Zhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Tonglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi Min Zhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100028, China"}]},{"given":"Gongbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China"}]},{"given":"Rongzhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi Min Zhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}]},{"given":"Xinze","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, No.938 Xi Min Zhu Street, Changchun 130026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1951(01)00120-2","article-title":"A new insight on the geometry of subducting slabs in northern Luzon, Philippines","volume":"339","author":"Bautista","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1738.2000.00304.x","article-title":"Shear partitioning in the Philippines: Constraints from Philippine Fault and global positioning system data","volume":"9","author":"Aurelio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Island Arc"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, B., and Hayes, D.E. 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