{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:47:58Z","timestamp":1779202078115,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Cultural Inheritance","award":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Cultural Inheritance (No. 2019219614SYS011CG033)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Cultural Inheritance (No. 2019219614SYS011CG033)"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","award":["Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (No. 2021ZDLGY15-06)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi (No. 2021ZDLGY15-06)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Natural Science Foundation of China (Program No. 62006188)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Natural Science Foundation of China (Program No. 62006188)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFB1402103)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFB1402103)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018621","name":"Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No. IRT 17R87)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No. IRT 17R87)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most traditional hyperspectral image (HSI) classification methods relied on hand-crafted or shallow-based descriptors, which limits their applicability and performance. Recently, deep learning has gradually become the mainstream method of HSI classification, because it can automatically extract deep abstract features for classification. However, it remains a challenge to learn more meaningful features for HSI classification from a small training sample set. In this paper, a 3D cascaded spectral\u2013spatial element attention network (3D-CSSEAN) is proposed to solve this issue. The 3D-CSSEAN integrates the spectral\u2013spatial feature extraction and attention area extraction for HSI classification. Two element attention modules in the 3D-CSSEAN enable the deep network to focus on primary spectral features and meaningful spatial features. All attention modules are implemented though several simple activation operations and elementwise multiplication operations. In this way, the training parameters of the network are not added too much, which also makes the network structure suitable for small sample learning. The adopted module cascading pattern not only reduces the computational burden in the deep network but can also be easily operated via plug\u2013expand\u2013play. Experimental results on three public data sets show that the proposed 3D-CSSEAN achieved comparable performance with the state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"2451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A 3D Cascaded Spectral\u2013Spatial Element Attention Network for Hyperspectral Image Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Huaiping","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Anyang Institute of Technology, College of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Silk Road Digital Protection and Inheritance of Cultural Heritage Collaborative Innovation Center; Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Microelectronics Technology Institute, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erlei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xi\u2019an 712100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Space Electronic Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinye","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Silk Road Digital Protection and Inheritance of Cultural Heritage Collaborative Innovation Center; Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2646420","article-title":"Estimating Soil Salinity under Various Moisture Conditions: An Experimental Study","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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