{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:35:34Z","timestamp":1772843734669,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP15K14763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15K14763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP17K07858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17K07858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in forest stands, surveys are now equipped to obtain dense point cloud data. However, the data range, i.e., the number of points, often reaches the billions or even higher, exceeding random access memory (RAM) limits on common computers. Moreover, the processing time often also extends beyond acceptable processing lengths. Thus, in this paper, we present a new method of efficiently extracting stem traits from huge point cloud data obtained by TLS, without subdividing or downsampling the point clouds. In this method, each point cloud is converted into a wireframe model by connecting neighboring points on the same continuous surface, and three-dimensional points on stems are resampled as cross-sectional points of the wireframe model in an out-of-core manner. Since the data size of the section points is much smaller than the original point clouds, stem traits can be calculated from the section points on a common computer. With the study method, 1381 tree stems were calculated from 3.6 billion points in ~20 min on a common computer. To evaluate the accuracy of this method, eight targeted trees were cut down and sliced at 1-m intervals; actual stem traits were then compared to those calculated from point clouds. The experimental results showed that the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are sufficient for practical use in various fields, including forest management and forest research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T04:46:57Z","timestamp":1624596417000},"page":"2476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficient Calculation Method for Tree Stem Traits from Large-Scale Point Clouds of Forest Stands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8534-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Hiraoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agricultural Production and Management, Shizuoka Professional University of Agriculture, 678-1 Tomigaoka, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-8577, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kazuto","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Eto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}]},{"given":"Michinari","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2004005","article-title":"Influence of individual tree and stand attributes in stem straightness in Pinus pinaster Ait. stands","volume":"61","author":"Bravo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. 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