{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:51:02Z","timestamp":1773294662914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000104814\/11\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000104814\/11\/I-NB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000112226\/14\/I-NB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000112226\/14\/I-NB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","award":["ECMWF\/COPERNICUS\/2018\/C3S_312b_Lot4_EODC\/SC2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECMWF\/COPERNICUS\/2018\/C3S_312b_Lot4_EODC\/SC2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The CCI Soil Moisture dataset (CCI SM) is the most extensive climate data record of satellite soil moisture to date. To maximize its function as a climate benchmark, both long-term consistency and (model-) independence are high priorities. Two unique L-band missions integrated into the CCI SM are SMOS and SMAP. However, they lack the high-frequency microwave sensors needed to determine the effective temperature and snow\/frozen flagging, and therefore use input from (varying) land surface models. In this study, the impact of replacing this model input by temperature and filtering based on passive microwave observations is evaluated. This is derived from an inter-calibrated dataset (ICTB) based on six passive microwave sensors. Generally, this leads to an expected increase in revisit time, which goes up by about 0.5 days (~15% loss). Only the boreal regions have an increased coverage due to more accurate freeze\/thaw detection. The boreal regions become wetter with an increased dynamic range, while the tropics are dryer with decreased dynamics. Other regions show only small differences. The skill was evaluated against ERA5-Land and in situ observations. The average correlation against ERA5-Land increased by 0.05 for SMAP ascending\/descending and SMOS ascending, whereas SMOS descending decreased by 0.01. For in situ sensors, the difference is less pronounced, with only a significant change in correlation of 0.04 for SM SMOS ascending. The results indicate that the use of microwave-based input for temperature and filtering is a viable and preferred alternative to the use of land surface models in soil moisture climate data records from passive microwave sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1624619260000},"page":"2480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["L-Band Soil Moisture Retrievals Using Microwave Based Temperature and Filtering. Towards Model-Independent Climate Data Records"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Robin","family":"van der Schalie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water & Climate, VanderSat B.V., 2011VK Haarlem, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-8321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mendy","family":"van der Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water & Climate, VanderSat B.V., 2011VK Haarlem, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3796-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemesio","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO (Universit\u00e9 Toulouse 3, CNES, CNRS, INRAE, IRD), 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Dorigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLIMERS, TU Wien, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Scanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLIMERS, TU Wien, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6655-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Preimesberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CLIMERS, TU Wien, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Madelon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESBIO (Universit\u00e9 Toulouse 3, CNES, CNRS, INRAE, IRD), 31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"de Jeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water & Climate, VanderSat B.V., 2011VK Haarlem, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.07.001","article-title":"ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions","volume":"203","author":"Dorigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6780","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2734070","article-title":"Triple collocation-based merging of satellite soil moisture retrievals","volume":"55","author":"Gruber","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-717-2019","article-title":"Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology","volume":"11","author":"Gruber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Secretariat, G.C.O.S. (2009, January 13). Implementation plan for the global observing system for climate in support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update). Proceedings of the Conference of the Parties (COP), Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1747-2016","article-title":"ESMValTool (v1. 0)\u2014A community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for routine evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP","volume":"9","author":"Eyring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.007","article-title":"Benchmarking CMIP5 models with a subset of ESA CCI Phase 2 data using the ESMValTool","volume":"203","author":"Lauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr, Y.H., Waldteufel, P., Wigneron, J.P., Delwart, S., Cabot, F., Boutin, J., Escorihuela, M.J., Font, J., Reul, N., and Gruhier, C. (2010). The SMOS Mission: New Tool for Monitoring Key Elements of the Global Water Cycle, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043032"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Entekhabi, D., Njoku, E.G., O\u2019Neill, P.E., Kellogg, K.H., Crow, W.T., Edelstein, W.N., Entin, J.K., Goodman, S.D., Jackson, T.J., and Johnson, J. (2010). The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049669"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.025","article-title":"Development and assessment of the SMAP enhanced passive soil moisture product","volume":"204","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.10.014","article-title":"L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) Model: Description and calibration against experimental data sets over crop fields","volume":"107","author":"Wigneron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2959239","article-title":"Improved SMAP dual-channel algorithm for the retrieval of soil moisture","volume":"58","author":"Chaubell","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Moran, R., Al-Yaari, A., Mialon, A., Mahmoodi, A., Al Bitar, A., De Lannoy, G., Rodriguez-Fernandez, N., Lopez-Baeza, E., Kerr, Y., and Wigneron, J.P. (2017). SMOS-IC: An alternative SMOS soil moisture and vegetation optical depth product. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201703.0145.v1"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5991","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2430845","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval using neural networks: Application to SMOS","volume":"53","author":"Aires","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000769","article-title":"Multisensor historical climatology of satellite-derived global land surface moisture","volume":"113","author":"Owe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"125","article-title":"Global SMOS soil moisture retrievals from the land parameter retrieval model","volume":"45","author":"Kerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D4","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010257","article-title":"Land surface temperature from Ka band (37 GHz) passive microwave observations","volume":"114","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Vliet, M., Van der Schalie, R., Rodriguez-Fernandez, N., Colliander, A., de Jeu, R., Preimesberger, W., Scanlon, T., and Dorigo, W. (2020). Reconciling Flagging Strategies for Multi-Sensor Satellite Soil Moisture Climate Data Records. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203439"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.11.026","article-title":"The merging of radiative transfer based surface soil moisture data from SMOS and AMSR-E","volume":"189","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2005.843983","article-title":"Analytical derivation of the vegetation optical depth from the microwave polarization difference index","volume":"2","author":"Meesters","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7564","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014408","article-title":"Expected performances of the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) for an all-weather and high spatial resolution estimation of ocean and sea ice parameters","volume":"123","author":"Kilic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz Sabater, J. (2021, April 29). ERA5-Land Hourly Data from 1981 to Present. Available online: https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Sabater, J., Dutra, E., Agust\u00ed-Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Balsamo, G., Boussetta, S., Choulga, M., Harrigan, S., and Hersbach, H. (2021). ERA5-Land: A state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss.","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-2021-82"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-1675-2011","article-title":"The International Soil Moisture Network: A data hosting facility for global in situ soil moisture measurements","volume":"15","author":"Dorigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2012.0097","article-title":"Global automated quality control of in situ soil moisture data from the International Soil Moisture Network","volume":"12","author":"Dorigo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.01.013","article-title":"Status of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in the 1400\u20131427 MHz passive band based on six years of SMOS mission","volume":"180","author":"Oliva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2184548","article-title":"The SMOS soil moisture retrieval algorithm","volume":"50","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-16-0100.1","article-title":"Intercalibration of the GPM microwave radiometer constellation","volume":"33","author":"Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.12.003","article-title":"Hydrological modelling and associated microwave emission of a semi-arid region in South-western Niger","volume":"375","author":"Pellarin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.06.045","article-title":"The AMMA-CATCH Gourma observatory site in Mali: Relating climatic variations to changes in vegetation, surface in press, hydrology, fluxes and natural resources","volume":"375","author":"Mougin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.06.021","article-title":"The AMMA Catch observing system in the cultivated Sahel of South West Niger-Strategy, Implementation and Site conditions","volume":"375","author":"Cappelaere","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.01.015","article-title":"Multi-scale soil moisture measurements at the Gourma meso-scale site in Mali","volume":"375","author":"Gruhier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.03.020","article-title":"AMMA-CATCH studies in the Sahelian region of West-Africa: An overview","volume":"375","author":"Lebel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2014.12.009","article-title":"Integrated Open Geospatial Web Service enabled Cyber-physical Information Infrastructure for Precision Agriculture Monitoring","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.3390\/s150202565","article-title":"Cyber-Physical Geographical Information Service-Enabled Control of Diverse In-situ Sensors","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"7007","article-title":"Strategies for validating and directions for employing SMOS data, in the Cal-Val project SWEX (3275) for wetlands","volume":"7","author":"Marczewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4732","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9973","article-title":"Soil water content vertical profiles under natural conditions: Matching of experiments and simulations by a conceptual model","volume":"28","author":"Morbidelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W07701","DOI":"10.1029\/2012WR011976","article-title":"The Murrumbidgee soil moisture monitoring network data set","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Young, R., Walker, J., Yeoh, N., Smith, A., Ellett, K., Merlin, O., and Western, A. (2008, May 13). Soil Moisture and Meteorological Observations from the Murrumbidgee Catchment. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Andrew-Western\/publication\/267832777_Soil_Moisture_and_Meteorological_Observations_From_the_Murrumbidgee_Catchment\/links\/557a496c08aeacff2003d2a9\/Soil-Moisture-and-Meteorological-Observations-From-the-Murrumbidgee-Catchment.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2010.0139","article-title":"A Network of Terrestrial Environmental Observatories in Germany","volume":"10","author":"Zacharias","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24405","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036013","article-title":"Use of GPS receivers as a soil moisture network for water cycle studies","volume":"35","author":"Larson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2171694","article-title":"Uncertainty Assessment of the SMOS Validation in the Upper Danube Catchment","volume":"50","author":"Schlenz","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Loew, A., Dall\u2019Amico, J.T., Schlenz, F., and Mauser, W. (2009, January 18\u201320). The Upper Danube soil moisture validation site: Measurements and activities. Proceedings of the Earth Observation and Water Cycle Conference, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Van Cleve, K., Chapin, F.S.S., and Ruess, R.W. (2015). Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Project Climate Database. Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Project Climate Database, University of Alaska Fairbanks."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1994)007<0822:ASMCOI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A soil moisture climatology of Illinois","volume":"7","author":"Hollinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21402","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035655","article-title":"Measuring soil moisture content non-invasively at intermediate spatial scale using cosmic-ray neutrons","volume":"35","author":"Zreda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-4079-2012","article-title":"COSMOS: The COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System","volume":"16","author":"Zreda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo, E.R., Bullock, P.R., L\u2019Heureux, J., Powers, J., McNairn, H., and Pacheco, A. (2015). Calibration and evaluation of a frequency domain reflectometry sensor for real-time soil moisture monitoring. Vadose Zone J., 14.","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2014.08.0114"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Pacheco, A., L\u2019Heureux, J., McNairn, H., Powers, J., Howard, A., Geng, X., Rollin, P., Gottfried, K., Freeman, J., and Ojo, R. (2014). Real-Time In-Situ Soil Monitoring for Agriculture (RISMA) Network Metadata, Science and Technology Branch Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Canisius, F. (2011). Calibration of Casselman, Ontario Soil Moisture Monitoring Network, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-0146.1","article-title":"U.S. Climate Reference Network soil moisture and temperature observations","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Qin, J., Zhao, L., Chen, Y.Y., Tang, W.J., Han, M.L., Zhu, L., Chen, Z.Q., Lv, N., and Ding, B.H. (2013). A Multi-Scale Soil Moisture and Freeze-Thaw Monitoring Network on the Third Pole. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00203.1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2015.07.005","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of soil management effects on runoff and soil erosion in sloping vineyards in Alto Monferrato (North\u2013West Italy)","volume":"155","author":"Biddoccu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"250","article-title":"Ecosystem properties of semiarid savanna grassland in West Africa and its relationship to environmental variability","volume":"1","author":"Tagesson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Mattar, C., Santamar\u00eda-Artigas, A., Dur\u00e1n-Alarc\u00f3n, C., Olivera-Guerra, L., and Fuster, R. (2014, January 22\u201325). LAB-net the First Chilean soil moisture network for Remote Sensing Applications. Proceedings of the IV Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing Symposium (RAQRS), Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-12-1323-2008","article-title":"From near-surface to root-zone soil moisture using an exponential filter: An assessment of the method based on insitu observations and model simulations","volume":"12","author":"Albergel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvet, J.-C., Fritz, N., Froissard, F., Suquia, D., Petitpa, A., and Piguet, B. (2007, January 23\u201328). In situ soil moisture observations for the CAL\/VAL of SMOS: The SMOSMANIA network. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2007.4423019"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osenga, E.C., Arnott, J.C., Endsley, K.A., and Katzenberger, J.W. (2019). Bioclimatic and soil moisture monitoring across elevation in a mountain watershed: Opportunities for research and resource management. Water Resour. Res., 55.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR023653"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2303-2011","article-title":"The Tibetan Plateau observatory of plateau scale soil moisture and soil temperature (Tibet-Obs) for quantifying uncertainties in coarse resolution satellite and model products","volume":"15","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"C21A-0497","article-title":"A Modelling Framework for Improved Agricultural Water-Supply Forecasting","volume":"2008","author":"Leavesley","year":"2010","journal-title":"AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"522","article-title":"A wireless soil moisture smart sensor web using physics-based optimal control: Concept and initial demonstration","volume":"3","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE-JSTARS"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Moghaddam, M., Silva, A., Clewley, D., Akbar, R., Hussaini, S.A., Whitcomb, J., Devarakonda, R., Shrestha, R., Cook, R.B., and Prakash, G. (2016). Soil Moisture Profiles and Temperature Data from SoilSCAPE Sites, USA."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11229","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC13p11229","article-title":"A model for microwave emission from vegetation-covered fields","volume":"87","author":"Mo","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-3135-2011","article-title":"The impact of land surface temperature on soil moisture anomaly detection from passive microwave observations","volume":"15","author":"Parinussa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8594","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098594","article-title":"Inter-calibration of satellite passive microwave land observations from AMSR-E and AMSR2 using overlapping FY3B-MWRI sensor measurements","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-25-17-2021","article-title":"Evaluation of 18 satellite-and model-based soil moisture products using in situ measurements from 826 sensors","volume":"25","author":"Beck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:23:56Z","timestamp":1760163836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13132480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13132480","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]}}}