{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T22:56:31Z","timestamp":1772837791666,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the University Innovative Platform Open Fund of Hunan","award":["19K099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K099"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resource Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Land and Resource","award":["KF-2018-03-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2018-03-047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Estimating the potential achievable solar energy in urban buildings is significantly important for the long-term planning and development of environmental protection strategies. Nevertheless, conventional methods based on LiDAR data are often costly and require more than one platform to obtain complete building surface information. The development of oblique photogrammetry technology enables fast and accurate acquiring of the 3D information of the surface. In this paper, we propose an efficient method to estimate the potential achievable solar energy of building surfaces based on photogrammetric mesh models. In this method, we use photogrammetric mesh models as the input data and then propose a hierarchical algorithm for shadow analysis. Combined with the solar radiation model, we then obtain the potential achievable solar energy of the building surface. We further investigate the performance of the proposed method and it is shown that this method outperforms the multi-source LiDAR data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1624619260000},"page":"2484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimation of the Potential Achievable Solar Energy of the Buildings Using Photogrammetric Mesh Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2779-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhisheng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Weixi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 516080, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 516080, China"}]},{"given":"Siyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117038","article-title":"Solar energy potential of urban buildings in 10 cities of China","volume":"196","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.08.045","article-title":"Comparing the capability of low-and high-resolution LiDAR data with application to solar resource assessment, roof type classification and shading analysis","volume":"205","author":"Lingfors","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"215","article-title":"Airborne laserscanning data for determination of suitable areas for photovoltaics","volume":"36","author":"Voegtle","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4359","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802555846","article-title":"Investigating impacts of urban morphology on spatio-temporal variations of solar radiation with airborne LiDAR data and a solar flux model: A case study of downtown Houston","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2009.02.021","article-title":"Assessment of photovoltaic potential in urban areas using open-source solar radiation tools","volume":"34","author":"Hofierka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.08.036","article-title":"Solar energy potential on roofs and facades in an urban landscape","volume":"97","author":"Redweik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2013.03.022","article-title":"A method for predicting city-wide electric production from photovoltaic panels based on LiDAR and GIS data combined with hourly DAYSIM simulations","volume":"93","author":"Jakubiec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3934\/energy.2015.3.401","article-title":"An automated model for rooftop PV systems assessment in ArcGIS using LiDAR","volume":"3","author":"Bayrakci","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIMS Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.04.089","article-title":"Economic and environmental assessment of rooftops regarding suitability for photovoltaic systems installation based on remote sensing data","volume":"107","author":"Lukac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17212","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215877","article-title":"Estimating roof solar energy potential in the downtown area using a GPU-accelerated solar radiation model and airborne LiDAR data","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"13","article-title":"Evaluating solar energy technical and economic potential on rooftops in an urban setting: The city of Lethbridge, Canada","volume":"10","author":"Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJEEE"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., and Zlatanova, S. (2009). Solar radiation over the urban texture: LiDAR data and image processing techniques for environmental analysis at city scale. 3D Geo-Information Sciences. Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-87395-2_20"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.01.002","article-title":"Extending solar potential analysis in buildings to vertical facades","volume":"66","author":"Catita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"14","article-title":"Solar energy potential assessment on rooftops and facades in large built environments based on LiDAR data, image processing, and cloud computing. Methodological background, application, and validation in geneva (Solar cadaster)","volume":"4","author":"Desthieux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12140","article-title":"Estimating geographical PV potential using LiDAR data for buildings in downtown San Francisco","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. GIS"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2015.1043004","article-title":"An Integrative approach for solar energy potential estimation through 3D modeling of buildings and trees","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3030650","article-title":"Extraction of vertical walls from mobile laser scanning data for solar potential assessment","volume":"3","author":"Jochem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2636300","article-title":"Solar potential analysis method using terrestrial laser scanning point clouds","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, F., and Yang, B. (2018, January 28\u201330). Multilevel solar potential analysis of building based on ubiquitous point clouds. Proceedings of the 2018 26th International Conference on Geoinformatics, Kunming, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/GEOINFORMATICS.2018.8557114"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.01.006","article-title":"3D change detection at street level using mobile laser scanning point clouds and terrestrial images","volume":"90","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.02.007","article-title":"Street-side vehicle detection, classification and change detection using mobile laser scanning data","volume":"114","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.060","article-title":"Modelling solar potential in the urban environment: State-of-the-art review","volume":"41","author":"Freitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"198","article-title":"A UAV-based panoramic oblique photogrammetry (POP) approach using spherical projection","volume":"159","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.05.024","article-title":"Leveraging photogrammetric mesh models for aerial-ground feature point matching toward integrated 3D reconstruction","volume":"166","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2021.02.010","article-title":"Structure-aware completion of photogrammetric meshes in urban road environment","volume":"175","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W2-79-2016","article-title":"Accuracy of measurements in oblique aerial images for urban environment","volume":"XLII-2\/W2","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Archives Photogrammetry Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"424","article-title":"3D city modelling with oblique photogrammetry method","volume":"19","author":"Yalcin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600238CM","article-title":"UAV-enabled intelligent transportation systems for the smart city: Applications and challenges","volume":"55","author":"Menouar","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-005-0146-z","article-title":"Urban texture analysis with image processing techniques: Winds and dispersion","volume":"84","author":"Ratti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.3390\/s90705241","article-title":"Automatic roof plane detection and analysis in airborne Lidar point clouds for solar potential assessment","volume":"9","author":"Jochem","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.06.009","article-title":"Per-point processing for detailed urban solar estimation with aerial laser scanning and distributed computing","volume":"155","author":"Vo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03181.x","article-title":"Fast and robust normal estimation for point clouds with sharp features","volume":"31","author":"Boulch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.03.085","article-title":"The importance of facades for the solar PV potential of a Mediterranean city using LiDAR data","volume":"111","author":"Brito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2011.11.011","article-title":"Clear-sky irradiance predictions for solar resource mapping and large-scale applications: Improved validation methodology and detailed performance analysis of 18 broadband radiative models","volume":"86","author":"Gueymard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.01.016","article-title":"A new anisotropic diffuse radiation model","volume":"95","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"87","article-title":"Models for obtaining the daily direct, diffuse and global solar radiations","volume":"56","author":"Choulli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/136588197242266","article-title":"Modelling topographic variation in solar radiation in a GIS environment","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2007.06.027","article-title":"Evaluation of 12 models to estimate hourly diffuse irradiation on inclined surfaces","volume":"33","author":"Noorian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"526","article-title":"Daily insolation on surfaces tilted towards equator","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"1961","journal-title":"ASHRAE J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(97)00009-9","article-title":"Passive solar urban design: Ensuring the penetration of solar energy into the city","volume":"2","author":"Littlefair","year":"1998","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ESRI (2014). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10, Environmental Systems Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1145\/2487228.2487237","article-title":"Screened poisson surface reconstruction","volume":"32","author":"Kazhdan","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:01Z","timestamp":1760163841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13132484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13132484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]}}}