{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T04:16:41Z","timestamp":1776399401730,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]],"date-time":"2021-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0502106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0502106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018ZX07111002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX07111002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41476161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41476161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development and improvement of modern surveying and remote-sensing technology, data in the fields of surveying and remote sensing have grown rapidly. Due to the characteristics of large-scale, heterogeneous and diverse surveys and the loose organization of surveying and remote-sensing data, effectively obtaining information and knowledge from data can be difficult. Therefore, this paper proposes a method of using ontology for heterogeneous data integration. Based on the heterogeneous, decentralized, and dynamic updates of large surveying and remote-sensing data, this paper constructs a knowledge graph for surveying and remote-sensing applications. First, data are extracted. Second, using the ontology editing tool Prot\u00e9g\u00e9, a knowledge graph mode level is constructed. Then, using a relational database, data are stored, and a D2RQ tool maps the data from the mode level\u2019s ontology to the data layer. Then, using the D2RQ tool, a SPARQL protocol and resource description framework query language (SPARQL) endpoint service is used to describe functions such as query and reasoning of the knowledge graph. The graph database is then used to display the knowledge graph. Finally, the knowledge graph is used to describe the correlation between the fields of surveying and remote sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"2511","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Construction and Application of a Knowledge Graph"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1288-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuejie","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1419-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Lizeyan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing, Modeling and Their Applications, Clermont-Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Meiying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Rongjin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8, Da Yang Fang, An Wai, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"People Entity Recognition Based on Chinese Knowledge Graph","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"582","article-title":"Knowledge Graph Construction Techniques","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"127","article-title":"The Technical Realization Process and Related Applications of Knowledge Graph","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Stud. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"589","article-title":"Review on Knowledge Graph Techniques","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Univ. Electron. Sci. Technol. China"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15014","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71115014","article-title":"Accurate Annotation of Remote Sensing Images via Active Spectral Clustering with Little Expert Knowledge","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Key Techniques for Establishing Domain Specific Large Scale Knowledge Graph of Remote Sensing Satellite","volume":"47","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radio Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Geographic Knowledge Graph Building Extracted from Multi-sourced Heterogeneous Data","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geod. et Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"723","article-title":"On Geographic Knowledge graph","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geo Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhu, L.J. (2004). Research on Information Resource Management Model Based on Domain Knowledge in World Wide Web Environment. [Ph.D. Thesis, China Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"109","article-title":"Knowledge Graph-based Metro Engineering Accidents Knowledge Modeling and Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Civil. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"27","article-title":"Construction of Knowledge Graph based on Non-classification Relation Extraction Technology","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"He, L. (2020). Research on Key Techniques of Entity Attribute Extraction for Unstructured Text. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Harbin University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sun, J.B. (2009). Principles and Applications of Remote Sensing, Whuhan University Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kong, X.Y., Guo, J., and Liu, Z. (2005). Founding of Geodesy, Whuhan University Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.125","article-title":"Extraction of Professional Details from Web-URLs using DeepDive","volume":"132","author":"Vyas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ma, H.B. (2019). Research on Construction and Application of Knowledge Graph of Enterprise Related Information for Risk Control. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Beijing University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"108","article-title":"Distant supervision for relation extraction using tree kernels","volume":"115","author":"Abad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv476","article-title":"Large-scale extraction of gene interactions from full-text literature using DeepDive","volume":"1","author":"Mallory","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(02)00127-1","article-title":"The Evolution of Prot\u00e9g\u00e9: An Environment for Knowledge-Based Systems Development","volume":"58","author":"John","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Zhang, R. (2007). Research and Analysis Based on Semantics of Rice Domain Knowledge Expression. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Hunan Agricultural University]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21.1","DOI":"10.1145\/3129247","article-title":"Designing a Query Language for RDF","volume":"42","author":"Arenas","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Database Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"9","article-title":"Extension of Web Ontology Language OWL in Knowledge Representation","volume":"25","author":"Gan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Yunnan Norm. Univ."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Duan, X., Wang, L., and Wang, S. (2020). A Preliminary Study on the Application of Knowledge Graphs in Professional Fields. Electron. World, 4."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Liu, J. (2019). Research on the Construction and Application of Knowledge Graph in Tourism Domain. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Zhejiang University]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Ye, S. (2019). Research on the Construction and Query Method of Knowledge Graph in Coalmine Based on Neo4j. [Master\u2019s Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Zhou, W. (2019). The Construction and Application of Knowledge Graph Incorporating Causal Events. [Master\u2019s Thesis, East China Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"134","article-title":"Research on Knowledge Fusion Triplets Storage Structure Based on Jena System","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2636","article-title":"Study and Implementation on Knowledge Graph of Guizhi Decoction Associated Formulas Based on Neo4j","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. (2018). Research on the Parsing of Graph Database Query Language Cypher. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Huazhong University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Xue, D., Xin, X., and Yang, L. (2011, January 15). A Construction Method of Scientific Knowledge Graph Based on the Degree of Inter-disciplinary Association. Proceedings of the 2011 Fall Academic Conference of Chinese Physical Society, Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"847","article-title":"Framework design of SWRL-based Reasoning Mechanism","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Knowledge Graph Reasoning: Modern Methods and Applications","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2511\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:59Z","timestamp":1760163899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13132511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13132511","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,26]]}}}