{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:08:32Z","timestamp":1760234912158,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Benedictine Convent of Saint John at M\u00fcstair is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the eastern part of Switzerland close to South Tyrol\u2019s border (Italy). Known as a well-preserved Carolingian building complex housing Carolingian and Romanesque frescoes, the convent has received much academic attention. However, all research activities so far have been concentrated on the area enclosed by the convent\u2019s walls, even though the neighbouring fields to the east and south are also part of the convent\u2019s property. This paper reports on the archaeological magnetic and ground-penetrating radar surveys of these areas, executed as part of a pilot project exploring the convent\u2019s immediate environment. At present, these fields are used for agriculture and located on a massive alluvial fan of the mountain stream Valgarola. Dense geophysical sampling revealed an intricate network of distributary channels with stream and mudflow deposits, constituting a natural border of the convent\u2019s territory. In addition to different field systems, a newly discovered broad pathway appears to be an original Roman road. Numerous structural elements, mapped within the convent\u2019s walls, could be attributed to specific building phases. Over 40 large and deep burial shafts, arranged in three rows, were discovered outside the convent\u2019s burial ground. Their specific design and arrangement are characteristic of early medieval burials, such as those of the 6th century Lombards on the edge of the eastern Alps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"2515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prospecting the UNESCO World Heritage Site of M\u00fcstair (Switzerland)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jona","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert J.","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1490-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Cassitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stiftung Pro Kloster St. Johann, via Maistra 18, 7537 M\u00fcstair, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7037-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alois","family":"Hinterleitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"ZAMG\u2014Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"L\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"ZAMG\u2014Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Schiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"ZAMG\u2014Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0431-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Walser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeological Service of the Canton of Grisons, Lo\u00ebstrasse 26, 7001 Chur, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3810-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Reitmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archaeological Service of the Canton of Grisons, Lo\u00ebstrasse 26, 7001 Chur, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science, University of Vienna, Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sigel, B. (1996). Einleitung. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 1. Zur Klosteranlage Vorkl\u00f6sterliche Befunde, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sigel, B. (1996). M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 1. Zur Klosteranlage Vorkl\u00f6sterliche Befunde, Vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Sigel, B. (1996). Zur Sedimentation im Klosterareal von M\u00fcstair. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 1. Zur Klosteranlage Vorkl\u00f6sterliche Befunde, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R. (2007). Zur Geologie des M\u00fcnstertals (Val M\u00fcstair). M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 4. Naturwissenschaftliche und Technische Beitr\u00e4ge, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.211","article-title":"Ground-penetrating radar: A modern three-dimensional prospection method","volume":"10","author":"Leckebusch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1599","article-title":"Large-area high-resolution ground-penetrating radar measurements for archaeological prospection","volume":"25","author":"Trinks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodge, M., Kitchin, R., and Perkins, C.R. (2011). Preface: Introducing The Map Reader. The Map Reader: Theories of Mapping Practice and Cartographic Representation, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470979587"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.09.011","article-title":"Interpretative mapping in cultural heritage context: Looking at the historic settlement of Khan Jahan in Bangladesh","volume":"39","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.5194\/gh-29-153-1974","article-title":"Bew\u00e4sserung im Kanton Graub\u00fcnden","volume":"29","author":"Furrer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Geogr. Helv."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R., Roth-Rubi, K., and K\u00fchne, E. (2013). Origines Variae. Zu den Anf\u00e4ngen der churr\u00e4tischen Kl\u00f6ster. Wandel und Konstanz Zwischen Bodensee und Lombardei zur Zeit Karls des Grossen: Kloster St. Johann in M\u00fcstair und Churr\u00e4tien: Tagung 13.\u201316. Juni 2012 in M\u00fcstair, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Tabernero, J.D., and Hesse, C. (2004). Die Fundm\u00fcnzen aus dem Kloster: Chronologie, M\u00fcnzgeschichte Typologie. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 2. M\u00fcnzen und Medaillen, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Sigel, B. (1996). Die vorklosterzeitlichen Kleinfunde (1962\u20131991). M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 1. Zur Klosteranlage Vorkl\u00f6sterliche Befunde, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R. (2010). Neue arch\u00e4ologische Entdeckungen im Oberen Vinschgau: R\u00f6merzeit und Fr\u00fchmittelalter. Vorbericht. Pfalz\u2013Kloster\u2013Klosterpfalz St. Johann in M\u00fcstair: Historische und arch\u00e4ologische Fragen. Tagung 20.\u201322. September 2009 in M\u00fcstair. Berichte und Vortr\u00e4ge, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"675","article-title":"Churr\u00e4tien und der Vinschgau im fr\u00fchen Mittelalter","volume":"73","author":"Kaiser","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schlern"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Loose, R. (1976). Siedlungsgenese des Oberen Vintschgaus. Schichten und Elemente des Theresianischen Siedlungsgef\u00fcges Einer S\u00fcdtiroler Passregion, Zentralausschuss f\u00fcr deutsche Landeskunde."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winckler, K. (2012). Die Alpen im Fr\u00fchmittelalter. Die Geschichte Eines Raumes in den Jahren 500 bis 800, B\u00f6hlau.","DOI":"10.26530\/OAPEN_437227"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Laurence, R. (1999). The Roads of Roman Italy: Mobility and Cultural Change, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"45","article-title":"R\u00f6mische Verkehrswege und l\u00e4ndliche Siedlungen in Graub\u00fcnden","volume":"116","author":"Rageth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jahrb. Hist. Antiqu. Ges. Graub\u00fcnden"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, C. (2014). Centuriation and Roman Land Surveying (Republic Through Empire). Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0465-2"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Pardo, J.C., Marron, E.H., and \u021aiplic, M.C. (2020). Stone Building in the Alps: M\u00fcstair Monastery in its Landscape Context. Ecclesiastical Landscapes in Medieval Europe: An Archaeological Perspective, Archaeopress Archaeology."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bundi, M., and Collenberg, C. (2016). R\u00e4tische Alpenp\u00e4sse: Vias Alpinas Reticas, Somedia Buchverlag."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Tabernero, J.D., and Hesse, C. (2005). Eginoturm und Wirtschaftsbauten im Oberen Garten: Teilauswertung der Grabungen 1990 bis 1995. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 3. Eginoturm und Wirtschaftsbauten im Oberen Garten, Romanische Schlagglocke, Arch\u00e4ometallurgische Untersuchungen, Textilfunde, Vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R. (2007). Quart\u00e4tgeologisch-arch\u00e4obotanische Auswertung von Sondierborhungen in M\u00fcstair. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 4. Naturwissenschaftliche und Technische Beitr\u00e4ge, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Keller, E.A. (2012). Introduction to Environmental Geology, Prentice Hall. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Goll, J., and Tscholl, E. (2019). Der Wirtschaftshof im Kloster M\u00fcstair St. Johann in M\u00fcstair: Der Baubestand des Westhofs bis Heute, Schnell & Steiner."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sigel, B. (1996). Das pr\u00e4historische Pfostengeb\u00e4ude. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 1. Zur Klosteranlage Vorkl\u00f6sterliche Befunde, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Neukom, H. (2019). Der Westhof im Kloster St. Johann in M\u00fcstair: Arch\u00e4ologische Befunde im Wirtschaftshof bis 1500, Verlag Schnell & Steiner."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Schwitzer, B. (1891). Urbare der Stifte Marienberg und M\u00fcnster, Wagner\u2019sche Universit\u00e4tsbuchhandlung."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Bundi, M., Clavadetscher, J., and Rodewald, R. (2009). Flurbew\u00e4sserung im M\u00fcnstertal. im Rahmen des Projektes \u201cAuals in Val M\u00fcstair\u201d der Stiftung Landschaftsschutz Schweiz (SL), Verlag B\u00fcndner Monatsblatt."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R. (2007). \u00dcber die naturr\u00e4umlichen Voraussetzungen im Umkreis des Klosters St. Johann in M\u00fcstair. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 4. Naturwissenschaftliche und Technische Beitr\u00e4ge, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Sigel, B. (1996). Die Klosterbauten\u2013eine \u00dcbersicht. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 1. Zur Klosteranlage Vorkl\u00f6sterliche Befunde, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R. (2007). Zu den dendrochronologischen Untersuchungen von H\u00f6lzern aus St. Johann in M\u00fcstair. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 4. Naturwissenschaftliche und Technische Beitr\u00e4ge, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kirchen und Konventfl\u00fcgel im Kloster St. Johann in M\u00fcstair: Raumorganisation und Nutzung","volume":"67","author":"Sennhauser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Z. Schweiz. Arch\u00e4ol. Kunstgesch."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2458\/56.17634","article-title":"Radiocarbon Dating to a Single Year by Means of Rapid Atmospheric 14 C Changes","volume":"56","author":"Wacker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R. (2007). Die Bestattungen im Kloster St. Johann in M\u00fcstair. Anthropologische Auswertungen. M\u00fcstair, Kloster St. Johann: Volume 4. Naturwissenschaftliche und Technische Beitr\u00e4ge, Vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Christie, N. (1995). The Lombards: The Ancient Longobards, Blackwell Publishers."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alt, K.W., Knipper, C., Peters, D., M\u00fcller, W., Maurer, A.-F., Kollig, I., Nicklisch, N., M\u00fcller, C., Karimnia, S., and Brandt, G. (2014). Lombards on the move\u2013An integrative study of the migration period cemetery at Sz\u00f3l\u00e1d, Hungary. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110793"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R., Roth-Rubi, K., and K\u00fchne, E. (2013). Der Vinschgau im Fr\u00fchmittelalter Arch\u00e4ologisches. Wandel und Konstanz Zwischen Bodensee und Lombardei zur Zeit Karls des Grossen: Kloster St. Johann in M\u00fcstair und Churr\u00e4tien: Tagung 13.\u201316. Juni 2012 in M\u00fcstair, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Sennhauser, H.R. (2003). Fr\u00fchchristliche und fr\u00fchmittelalterliche Kirchenbauten in S\u00fcdtirol. Fr\u00fche Kirchen im \u00d6stlichen Alpengebiet: Von der Sp\u00e4tantike bis in Ottonische Zeit. Band 1, Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Clavadetscher, U., and Nay, M.A. (1997). M\u00fcstair. Ausgrabung und Bauuntersuchung im Kloster St. Johann. Jahresbericht des Arch\u00e4ologischen Dienstes Graub\u00fcnden und der Denkmalpflege Graub\u00fcnden, Arch\u00e4ologischer Dienst Graub\u00fcnden."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Senn1hauser, H.R., Roth-Rubi, K., and K\u00fchne, E. (2013). Bemerkungen zur Gr\u00fcndung und zur Fr\u00fchgeschichte des Klosters St. Johann in M\u00fcstair. Wandel und Konstanz Zwischen Bodensee und Lombardei zur Zeit Karls des Grossen: Kloster St. Johann in M\u00fcstair und Churr\u00e4tien: Tagung 13.\u201316. Juni 2012 in M\u00fcstair, VDF Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Z\u00fcrich."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2515\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:25:09Z","timestamp":1760163909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13132515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13132515","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]}}}