{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T15:04:47Z","timestamp":1769353487053,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-1256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-1256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014-0824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-0824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wetland ecosystems play a key role in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In emergent vegetation targets, the occurrence of double-bounce scatter is indicative of the presence of water and can be valuable for hydrological monitoring. Double-bounce scatter would lead to an increase of \u03c30HH over \u03c30VV and a non-zero co-polarized phase difference (CPD). In the Lower Paran\u00e1 River floodplain, a total of 11 full polarimetric RADARSAT-2 scenes from a wide range of incidence angles were acquired during a month. Flooded targets dominated by two herbaceous species were sampled: Schoenoplectus californicus (four sites, Bulrush marshes) and Ludwigia peruviana (three sites, Broadleaf marshes). As a general trend, \u03c30HH was higher than \u03c30VV, especially at the steeper incidence angles. By modeling CPD with maximum likelihood estimations, we found results consistent with double-bounce scatter in two Ludwigia plots, at certain scene incidence angles. Incidence angle accounted for most of the variation on \u03c30HH, whereas emergent green biomass was the main feature influencing \u03c30HV. Multivariate models explaining backscattering variation included the incidence angle and at least two of these variables: emergent plant height, stem diameter, number of green stems, and emergent green biomass. This study provides an example of using CPD to decide on the contribution of double-bounce scatter and highlights the influence of vegetation biomass on radar response. Even with the presence of water below vegetation, the contribution of double-bounce scatter to C-band backscattering depends on scene incidence angles and may be negligible in dense herbaceous targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T23:57:22Z","timestamp":1624838242000},"page":"2518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Response of Multi-Incidence Angle Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 Data to Herbaceous Vegetation Features in the Lower Paran\u00e1 River Floodplain, Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Soledad","family":"Morandeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn, 25 de Mayo and Francia S\/N, General San Mart\u00edn 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET), Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas Ernesto","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET), Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Astronom\u00eda y F\u00edsica del Espacio, Universidad de Buenos Aires\u2014CONICET, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Mat\u00edas","family":"Grings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (National Scientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET), Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina"},{"name":"Instituto de Astronom\u00eda y F\u00edsica del Espacio, Universidad de Buenos Aires\u2014CONICET, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Ahern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TerreVista Earth Imaging, Hamilton, ON L8P 4V4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kandus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Mart\u00edn, 25 de Mayo and Francia S\/N, General San Mart\u00edn 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Brisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 1M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-012-0278-z","article-title":"Current state of knowledge regarding the world\u2019s wetlands and their future under global climate change: A synthesis","volume":"75","author":"Junk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. 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