{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:49:06Z","timestamp":1774370946193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drought has devastating impacts on agriculture and other ecosystems, and its occurrence is expected to increase in the future. However, its spatiotemporal impacts on net primary productivity (NPP) in Mongolia have remained uncertain. Hence, this paper focuses on the impact of drought on NPP in Mongolia. The drought events in Mongolia during 2003\u20132018 were identified using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS)-derived NPP was computed to assess changes in NPP during the 16 years, and the impacts of drought on the NPP of Mongolian terrestrial ecosystems was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed a slightly increasing trend of the growing season NPP during 2003\u20132018. However, a decreasing trend of NPP was observed during the six major drought events. A total of 60.55\u201387.75% of land in the entire country experienced drought, leading to a 75% drop in NPP. More specifically, NPP decline was prominent in severe drought areas than in mild and moderate drought areas. Moreover, this study revealed that drought had mostly affected the sparse vegetation NPP. In contrast, forest and shrubland were the least affected vegetation types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T22:43:06Z","timestamp":1624920186000},"page":"2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Assessment of Drought Impact on Net Primary Productivity in the Terrestrial Ecosystems of Mongolia from 2003 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9131-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lkhagvadorj","family":"Nanzad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"National Remote Sensing Center, Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE), Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2894-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Battsetseg","family":"Tuvdendorj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"National Remote Sensing Center, Information and Research Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IRIMHE), Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Sonam","family":"Rinzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3109-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Foyez Ahmed","family":"Prodhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Til Prasad Pangali","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02464-z","article-title":"Global and regional impacts of climate change at different levels of global temperature increase","volume":"155","author":"Arnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08823","article-title":"The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment","volume":"463","author":"Moss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711129105","article-title":"Temperature increase of 21st century mitigation scenarios","volume":"105","author":"Meinshausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Dahe, Q., Jon Dokken, D., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.K., and Allen, S.K. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01264","DOI":"10.1002\/ehs2.1264","article-title":"Climate change effects on rangelands and rangeland management: Affirming the need for monitoring","volume":"3","author":"Mccollum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Heal. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666","article-title":"Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, M., and Woodward, F.I. (1998). Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change. Nature, 393.","DOI":"10.1038\/30460"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s100219900016","article-title":"Contrasting climatic controls on the estimated productivity of global terrestrial biomes","volume":"1","author":"Churkina","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nanzad, L., Zhang, J., Batdelger, G., Prasad, T., Sharma, P., Koju, U.A., Wang, J., and Nabil, M. (2021). Analyzing NPP Response of Different Rangeland Types to Climatic Parameters over Mongolia. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11040647"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2019.06.017","article-title":"Variations and climate constraints of terrestrial net primary productivity over Mongolia","volume":"537","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0099","article-title":"Climate change, drought and desertification","volume":"34","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Shiirevdamba, T. (1998). Biological Diversity in MONGOLIA (First National Report), Ministry for Nature and the Environment."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2019.01.019","article-title":"NDVI anomaly for drought monitoring and its correlation with climate factors over Mongolia from 2000 to 2016","volume":"164","author":"Nanzad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Harmeling, S. (2010). Global Climate Risk Index 2010: Who is the Most Vulnerable? Weather-Related Loss Events Since 1990 and How Copenhagen Needs to Responds., Germanwatch."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Eckstein, D., K\u00fcnzel, V., Sch\u00e4fer, L., and Winges, M. (2020). Global Climate Risk Index 2020 Who Suffers Most from Extreme Weather Events?, Germanwatch."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohoulande Djebou, D.C. (2017). Bridging drought and climate aridity. J. Arid Environ., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2017.05.002"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavrilov, M.B., An, W., Xu, C., Radakovi\u0107, M.G., Hao, Q., Yang, F., Guo, Z., Peri\u0107, Z., Gavrilov, G., and Markovi\u0107, S.B. (2019). Independent aridity and drought pieces of evidence based on meteorological data and tree ring data in Southeast Banat, Vojvodina, Serbia. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10100586"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., and Zhou, T. (2015). Drought over East Asia: A review. J. Clim., 28.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00259.1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Yang, Y., Liu, Y., Tong, L., Zhang, Q.-p., and Li, J. (2019). Assessing the Impacts of Drought on Grassland Net Primary Production at the Global Scale. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50584-4"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Og\u00e9e, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., and Carrara, A. (2005). Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature, 437.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03972"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.033","article-title":"Country-level net primary production distribution and response to drought and land cover change","volume":"574","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2011.01833.x","article-title":"The ecological role of climate extremes: Current understanding and future prospects","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, R.L., Hamerlynck, E.P., Jenerette, G.D., Moran, M.S., and Barron-Gafford, G.A. (2010). Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought-induced vegetation change. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001348"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-008-9617-1","article-title":"Soil biotic processes remain remarkably stable after 100-year extreme weather events in experimental grassland and heath","volume":"308","author":"Kreyling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"The Ministry of Environment and Tourism (2018). Third National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, The Ministry of Environment and Tourism."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-017-1737-x","article-title":"Using the DNDC model to simulate the potential of carbon budget in the meadow and desert steppes in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano, S.M. (2007). Evaluating the impact of drought using remote sensing in a Mediterranean, Semi-arid Region. Nat. Hazards, 40.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-0009-7"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Running, S.W., Thornton, P.E., Nemani, R., and Glassy, J.M. (2000). Global Terrestrial Gross and Net Primary Productivity from the Earth Observing System. Methods in Ecosystem Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1224-9_4"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","article-title":"A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index","volume":"23","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Palmer, W.C. (1965). Meteorological Drought."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Mckee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., and Kleist, J. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, 17\u201322 January, Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.03.053","article-title":"Spatio-temporal characteristics of drought structure across China using an integrated drought index","volume":"218","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00174-3","article-title":"Assessing vegetation response to drought in the northern Great Plains using vegetation and drought indices","volume":"87","author":"Ji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-621-2014","article-title":"Differential effects of extreme drought on production and respiration: Synthesis and modeling analysis","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2011.12.001","article-title":"Stability of above-ground and below-ground processes to extreme drought in model grassland ecosystems: Interactions with plant species diversity and soil nitrogen availability","volume":"14","author":"Bloor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., He, B., Chen, A., Wang, H., Liu, J., Lu, A., and Chen, Z. (2016). Drought dominates the interannual variability in global terrestrial net primary production by controlling semi-arid ecosystems. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24639"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00089-8","article-title":"A process-based boreal ecosystem productivity simulator using remote sensing inputs","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1404","article-title":"Trends in extreme daily precipitation and temperature near Lake H\u00f6vsg\u00f6l, Mongolia","volume":"27","author":"Nandintsetseg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"133","article-title":"Mongolian rangelands in transition","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"S\u00e9cheresse"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Urgamal, M., Gundegmaa, V., Sh, B., Oyuntsetseg, B., Darikhand, D., and Munkh-Erdene, T. (2019). Additions to the vascular flora of Mongolia\u2014IV. Proc. Mong. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Anyamba, A., and Tucker, C.J. (2012). Historical perspectives on AVHRR NDVI and vegetation drought monitoring, Remote Sensing of Drought: Innovative Monitoring Approaches."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Chopra, P. (2006). Drought Risk Assessment Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Gujarat, ITC."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010029156","article-title":"NDVI anomaly patterns over Africa during the 1997\/98 ENSO warm event","volume":"22","author":"Anyamba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of long term agricultural drought in Tamilnadu, India using NDVI anomaly","volume":"10","author":"Vaani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disaster Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Li, J., and Yue, T. (2020). Remote Sensing Monitoring and Evaluation of Degraded Grassland in China Accounting of Grassland Carbon Source and Carbon Sink, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9382-3"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(99)00156-8","article-title":"Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2002.00278.x","article-title":"Net primary productivity mapped for Canada at 1-km resolution","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28871","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01236","article-title":"Annual carbon cost of autotrophic respiration in boreal forest ecosystems in relation to species and climate","volume":"102","author":"Ryan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/9.1-2.255","article-title":"A simple method for estimating gross carbon budgets for vegetation in forest ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Ryan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, C., Li, J., Wang, Z., Wu, X., Zeng, Z., Chen, X., Lian, Y., Yu, H., Wang, P., and Bai, X. (2018). Drought-induced reduction in net primary productivity across mainland China from 1982 to 2015. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091433"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Berrisford, P., Dee, D.P., Poli, P., Brugge, R., Fielding, K., Fuentes, M., K\u00e5llberg, P., Kobayashi, S., Uppala, S., and Simmons, A. (2011). The ERA-Interim Archive Version 2.0, ECMWF. ERA Report."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and Park, T. (2019, September 18). MCD15A3H MODIS\/Terra+Aqua Leaf Area Index\/FPAR 4-day L4 Global 500m SIN Grid V006 [Data set], Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/products\/mcd15a3hv006\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Defourny, P., Bontemps, S., Lamarche, C., Brockmann, C., Boettcher, M., Wevers, J., Kirches, G., Santoro, M., and ESA (2017). Land Cover CCI Product User Guide\u2014Version 2.0, UCL-Geomatics."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Nasa Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (2013). NASA-JPL NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Global 1 Arc Second Number."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Dimiceli, C., Carroll, M., Sohlberg, R., Kim, D.H., Kelly, M., and Townshend, J.R.G. (2015). MOD44B MODIS\/Terra Vegetation Continuous Fields Yearly L3 Global 250m SIN Grid V006, NASA. NASA EOSDIS L. Process. DAAC."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2000). Group Global Soil Data Task Global Gridded Surfaces of Selected Soil Characteristics (IGBP-DIS), ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2307\/1941899","article-title":"Potential net primary productivity in South America: Application of a global model","volume":"1","author":"Raich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.81.7.587","article-title":"Deriving the Spatiotemporal NPP Pattern in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Mongolia Using MODIS Imagery","volume":"81","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Non-Parametric Test Against Trend","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorjsuren, M., Liou, Y.A., and Cheng, C.H. (2016). Time series MODIS and in situ data analysis for Mongolia drought. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060509"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S., Wu, B., Yan, N., Davdai, B., and Nasanbat, E. (2017). Suitability assessment of satellite-derived drought indices for Mongolian grassland. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070650"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-2169-2016","article-title":"Dynamic changes in terrestrial net primary production and their effects on evapotranspiration","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polley, H.W., Bailey, D.W., Nowak, R.S., and Stafford-Smith, M. (2017). Ecological Consequences of Climate Change on Rangelands, University of Nevada, Reno.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46709-2_7"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"85","article-title":"Dynamics of net primary productivity on the Mongolian Plateau: Joint regulations of phenology and drought","volume":"81","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2020.100497","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Land Degradation from 1990 to 2015 in Mongolia","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12765","article-title":"Temperature and rainfall interact to control carbon cycling in tropical forests","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Qin, S., Wu, B., Wu, X., Zhu, Y., Shao, Y., Gao, Y., Jin, Q., and Lai, Z. (2018). Effects of seasonal variability of climatic factors on vegetation coverage across drylands in northern China. L. Degrad. Dev., 29.","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2985"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0410-z","article-title":"Drought in the Southern United States over the 20th century: Variability and its impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity and carbon storage","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:26:18Z","timestamp":1760163978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13132522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13132522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]}}}