{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:38:45Z","timestamp":1777516725986,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Pioneering Research Program of CAS, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["XDB4200000, 2017YFA0604102, 92058202, XDA22050202, 2016YFC1401404, 91858103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB4200000, 2017YFA0604102, 92058202, XDA22050202, 2016YFC1401404, 91858103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mode-1 semidiurnal internal tides that emanate from multiple sources in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas are investigated using multi-satellite altimeter data from 1993\u20132020. A practical plane-wave analysis method is used to separately extract multiple coherent internal tides, with the nontidal noise in the internal tide field further removed by a two-dimensional (2-D) spatial band-pass filter. The complex radiation pathways and interference patterns of the internal tides are revealed, showing a spatial contrast between the Sulu Sea and the Sulawesi Sea. The mode-1 semidiurnal internal tides in the Sulawesi Sea are effectively generated from both the Sulu and Sangihe Island chains, forming a spatially inhomogeneous interference pattern in the deep basin. A cylindrical internal tidal wave pattern from the Sibutu passage is confirmed for the first time, which modulates the interference pattern. The interference field can be reproduced by a line source model. A weak reflected internal tidal beam off the Sulawesi slope is revealed. In contrast, the Sulu Island chain is the sole energetic internal tide source in the Sulu Sea, thus featuring a relatively consistent wave and energy flux field in the basin. These energetic semidiurnal internal tidal beams contribute to the frequent occurrence of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the study area. On the basis of the 28-year consistent satellite measurements, the northward semidiurnal tidal energy flux from the Sulu Island chain is 0.46 GW, about 25% of the southward energy flux. For M2, the altimetric estimated energy fluxes from the Sulu Island chain are about 80% of those from numerical simulations. The total semidiurnal tidal energy flux from the Sulu and Sangihe Island chains into the Sulawesi Sea is about 2.7 GW.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T13:39:22Z","timestamp":1624887562000},"page":"2530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Satellite Investigation of Semidiurnal Internal Tides in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baoshu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0637(98)00070-3","article-title":"Abyssal recipes II: Energetics of tidal and wind mixing","volume":"45","author":"Munk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. 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