{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:10:15Z","timestamp":1791821415581,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Slow to extremely slow landslides in urban areas may cause severe damage to buildings and infrastructure that can lead to the evacuation of local populations in case of slope accelerations. Monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of this type of natural hazard represents a major concern for the public authorities in charge of risk management. Pariana, a village with 400 residents located in the Apuan Alps (Massa, Tuscany, Italy), is an example of urban settlement where the population has long been forced to live with considerable slope instability. In the last 30 years, due to the slope movements associated with a slow-moving landslide that has affected a significant portion of the built-up area, several buildings have been damaged, including a school and the provincial road crossing the unstable area, leading to the need for an installation of a slope monitoring system with early warning capabilities, in parallel with the implementation of mitigation works. In this paper, we show how satellite multi-temporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR) data can be effectively used when coupled with a wireless sensor network made of several bar extensometers and a borehole inclinometer. In fact, thanks to their wide area coverage and opportunistic nature, satellite InSAR data allow one to clearly identify the spatial distribution of surface movements and their long-term temporal evolution. On the other hand, geotechnical sensors installed on specific elements at risk (e.g., private buildings, retaining walls, etc.), and collected through Wi-Fi dataloggers, provide near real-time data that can be used to identify sudden accelerations in slope movements, subsequently triggering alarms. The integration of those two-monitoring systems has been tested and assessed in Pariana. Results show how a hybrid slope monitoring program based on the two different technologies can be used to effectively monitor slow-moving landslides and to identify sudden accelerations and activate a response plan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T04:31:07Z","timestamp":1624941067000},"page":"2534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Integration of Satellite InSAR with a Wireless Network of Geotechnical Sensors for Slope Monitoring in Urban Areas: The Pariana Landslide Case (Massa, Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8420-9084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ciampalini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoapp s.r.l., 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoapp s.r.l., 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Nocentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Sciences Department, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Taurino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoapp s.r.l., 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Guidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincia di Lucca, 55100 Lucca, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando della","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comune di Massa, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Tavarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comune di Massa, 54100 Massa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1130\/G33217.1","article-title":"Global patterns of loss of life from landslides","volume":"40","author":"Petley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0902-z","article-title":"Landslide databases in the Geological Surveys of Europe","volume":"15","author":"Herrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"293","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility in the Cardoso slope (Versilia-Italy) consequences of the flash flood of 19 June 1996","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Bromhead","year":"2000","journal-title":"Landslides in Research, Theory and Practice, Proceeding of the 8th International Symp. on Landslides, Cardiff, UK, 26\u201330 June 2000"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"359","article-title":"Raifall-induced shallow landslides: A model for the triggering mechanism of some case studies in Northenr Italy","volume":"6","author":"Montrasio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-005-0007-y","article-title":"Analysis of the landslide triggering mechanism during the storm of 20\u201321 November 2000, in Northern Tuscany","volume":"3","author":"Casagli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-012-0951-0","article-title":"Statistical and environmental analyses for the definition of a regional rainfall threshold system for landslide triggering in Tuscany (Italy)","volume":"22","author":"Rosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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