{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:08:25Z","timestamp":1760234905621,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONDECYT","award":["11190209","1200843","1190805","11190631","1181300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11190209","1200843","1190805","11190631","1181300"]}]},{"name":"Millenium Science Initiative Programs","award":["ICN2019015","NCN19153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICN2019015","NCN19153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using 19 years of remotely sensed Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), we examined the effects of climatic variability on terrestrial vegetation of six protected areas along southwestern South America, from the semiarid edge of the Atacama desert to southern Patagonia (30\u00b0S\u201351\u00b0S). The relationship between satellite phenology and climate indices, namely MEI (Multivariate ENSO Index), PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) and SAM (Southern Annular Mode) were established using statistical analyses for non-stationary patterns. The annual mode of phenological activity fluctuated in strength through time from the semiarid region to the border of southern Patagonia. Concomitantly, enhanced synchrony between EVI and climatic oscillations appeared over interannual cycles. Cross correlations revealed that variability in MEI was the lead predictor of EVI fluctuations over scales shorter than 4 months at lower latitudes and for the most poleward study site. The PDO was correlated with EVI over lags longer than 4 months at low latitude sites, while the SAM showed relationships with EVI only for sites located around 40\u00b0S. Our results indicate that the long-term phenological variability of the vegetation within protected areas along southwestern South America is controlled by processes linked to climate indices and that their influence varies latitudinally. Further studies over longer time scales will be needed to improve our understanding the impacts of climate change on vegetation condition and its effect over phenological variability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T03:19:32Z","timestamp":1625195972000},"page":"2590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Climatic Regulation of Vegetation Phenology in Protected Areas along Western South America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Lara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4090541, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo S.","family":"Sald\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"},{"name":"Centro FONDAP de Investigaci\u00f3n en Din\u00e1mica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7972-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Cazelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMMISCO, UMI 209, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9-IRD, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"IBENS, UMR CNRS 8197, Eco-Evolution Math\u00e9matique, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1681-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo M.","family":"Rivadeneira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas \u00c1ridas, Coquimbo 1781681, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena 1720256, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0066-0298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Magister en Oceanograf\u00eda, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-0426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Postgrado & Departamento de Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3174-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro L.","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Observatory Foundation, Santiago 7941169, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnol\u00f3gicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6582-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardo R.","family":"Broitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales and Bioengineering Innovation Center, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2562340, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, M.A., Hoffman, F., Hargrove, W.W., and Nemani, R.R. (2005). A global framework for monitoring phenological responses to climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021961"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-011-0426-5","article-title":"A review of climate-driven mismatches between interdependent phenophases in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems","volume":"55","author":"Donnelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062535","article-title":"Climate change and phenological mismatch in trophic interactions among plants, insects, and vertebrates","volume":"49","author":"Renner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.04.003","article-title":"Shifting plant phenology in response to global change","volume":"22","author":"Cleland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1890\/06-2128.1","article-title":"Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers","volume":"89","author":"Inouye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3303","article-title":"Forest disturbances under climate change","volume":"7","author":"Seidl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2019.07.019","article-title":"The missing angle: Ecosystem consequences of phenological mismatch","volume":"34","author":"Beard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","article-title":"A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests","volume":"259","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0330.1","article-title":"Drought impact on forest growth and mortality in the southeast USA: An analysis using Forest Health and Monitoring data","volume":"19","author":"Klos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2253","article-title":"Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology","volume":"4","author":"Keenan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x","article-title":"Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China\u2019s temperate vegetation","volume":"12","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.04.012","article-title":"Reduced geographical variability in spring phenology of temperate trees with recent warming","volume":"256\u2013257","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2020.103131","article-title":"Evidence for satellite observed changes in the relative influence of climate indicators on autumn phenology over the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"187","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Planet Chang."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.011","article-title":"Interannual vegetation phenology estimates from global AVHRR measurements: Comparison with in situ data and applications","volume":"112","author":"Maignan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1846224","article-title":"Assessing Crop Water Stress Index of Citrus Using In-Situ Measurements, Landsat, and Sentinel-2 Data","volume":"42","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, S., Feng, L., Zhang, J., and Deng, F. (2020). Mapping Maize Cultivated Area Combining MODIS EVI Time Series and the Spatial Variations of Phenology over Huanghuaihai Plain. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10082667"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"102238","article-title":"Global trends in vegetation seasonality in the GIMMS NDVI3g and their robustness","volume":"94","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"102172","article-title":"Characterizing spring phenology of temperate broadleaf forests using Landsat and Sentinel-2 time series","volume":"92","author":"Kowalski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarvia, F., De Petris, S., and Borgogno-Mondino, E. (2021). Exploring Climate Change Effects on Vegetation Phenology by MOD13Q1 Data: The Piemonte Region Case Study in the Period 2001\u20132019. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11030555"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-019-05002-w","article-title":"Understanding the influence of ENSO patterns on drought over southern Africa using SPEEDY","volume":"54","author":"Gore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135894","article-title":"Recent wildfires in Central Chile: Detecting links between burned areas and population exposure in the wildland urban interface","volume":"706","author":"Sarricolea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0017","article-title":"Global responses of terrestrial productivity to contemporary climatic oscillations","volume":"363","author":"Woodward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2011-503","article-title":"Decadal variability in the terrestrial carbon budget caused by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation","volume":"89","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-16-743-2020","article-title":"Teleconnections and relationship between the El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in reconstructions and models over the past millennium","volume":"16","author":"Grosjean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clim. Past"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.11.013","article-title":"Changes in global vegetation activity and its driving factors during 1982\u20132013","volume":"249","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-016-3610-9","article-title":"Contrasting effects of temperature and precipitation change on amphibian phenology, abundance and performance","volume":"181","author":"Ficetola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13081","article-title":"Temperature, precipitation, and insolation effects on autumn vegetation phenology in temperate China","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-020-00709-9","article-title":"Physiological responses of orange trees subject to regulated deficit irrigation and partial root drying","volume":"39","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02084.x","article-title":"Impact of climate change on plant phenology in Mediterranean ecosystems","volume":"16","author":"Gordo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Hodges, J.C., Schaaf, C.B., Friedl, M.A., Strahler, A.H., and Gao, F. (2001, January 9\u201313). Global vegetation phenology from AVHRR and MODIS data. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2001, Scanning the Present and Resolving the Future, IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (Cat. No. 01CH37217), Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.09.012","article-title":"Climate change, phenology, and phenological control of vegetation feedbacks to the climate system","volume":"169","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, A., Anad\u00f3n, J.D., Lohman, D.J., Doleck, T., Lakhankar, T., Shrestha, B.B., Thapa, P., Devkota, D., Tiwari, S., and Jha, A. (2017). The impact of climate change on biodiversity in Nepal: Current knowledge, lacunae, and opportunities. Climate, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cli5040080"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892911000208","article-title":"Representativeness of terrestrial ecosystems in Chile\u2019s protected area system","volume":"38","author":"Pliscoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2001.240301.x","article-title":"Ecological effects of El Ni\u00f1o in terrestrial ecosystems of western South America","volume":"24","author":"Jaksic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2015.10.013","article-title":"Vegetation of Bosque Fray Jorge National Park and its surrounding matrix in the Coastal Desert of north-central Chile","volume":"126","author":"Squeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)02052-8","article-title":"El Ni\u00f1o effects on the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"16","author":"Holmgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-6307-2017","article-title":"The 2010\u20132015 megadrought in central Chile: Impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation","volume":"21","author":"Garreaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.10.004","article-title":"Wildfires in Chile: A review","volume":"146","author":"Sarricolea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Planet Change"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02171","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2171","article-title":"Climate variability and forest fires in central and south-central Chile","volume":"9","author":"Lara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9552","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705168114","article-title":"Southern Annular Mode drives multicentury wildfire activity in southern South America","volume":"114","author":"Holz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD023014","article-title":"Orographic effects of the subtropical and extratropical Andes on upwind precipitating clouds","volume":"120","author":"Viale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL067265","article-title":"Anthropogenic and natural contributions to the Southeast Pacific precipitation decline and recent megadrought in central Chile","volume":"43","author":"Boisier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in the rainfall regime along the extratropical west coast of South America (Chile): 30\u201343 \u00baS","volume":"25","author":"Quintana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atm\u00f3sfera"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Alaniz, A.J. (2019). Chilean forest: Recent trends and perspectives. Persp. Chall., 1\u2013308."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1300\/J091v24n02_02","article-title":"Structural and biometric characterization of Nothofagus betuloides production forests in the Magellan Region, Chile","volume":"24","author":"Madariaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sustain. For."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities","volume":"403","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2004.10.011","article-title":"Linking forest structure and composition: Avian diversity in successional forests of Chilo\u00e9 Island, Chile","volume":"123","author":"Armesto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00311.x","article-title":"Impacts of forest fragmentation on species composition and forest structure in the temperate landscape of Southern Chile","volume":"16","author":"Newton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40693-018-0071-z","article-title":"Protected areas in Chile: Are we managing them?","volume":"91","author":"Petit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2016.05.001","article-title":"Quantifying avoided deforestation in Par\u00e1: Protected areas, buffer zones and edge effects","volume":"33","author":"Jusys","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2013.07.035","article-title":"Influence of Pacific Ocean multidecadal variability on the distributional properties of hydrological variables in north-central Chile","volume":"501","author":"Rivera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2016.07.007","article-title":"Satellite-measured interannual variability of turbid river plumes off central-southern Chile: Spatial patterns and the influence of climate variability","volume":"146","author":"Largier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00629.x","article-title":"Symbolic dynamics for identifying similarity between rhythms of ecological time series","volume":"7","author":"Cazelles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.0212","article-title":"Time-dependent spectral analysis of epidemiological time-series with wavelets","volume":"4","author":"Cazelles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatfield, C., and Xing, H. (2019). The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction with R, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351259446"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-0993-2","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of ecological time series","volume":"156","author":"Cazelles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130585","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0585","article-title":"Wavelet analysis in ecology and epidemiology: Impact of statistical tests","volume":"11","author":"Cazelles","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1890\/070217","article-title":"Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: Phenological research in the 21st century","volume":"7","author":"Morisette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ecological value of long-term studies of birds and mammals in Central America, South America and Antarctica","volume":"90","author":"Strom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buermann, W., Anderson, B., Tucker, C.J., Dickinson, R.E., Lucht, W., Potter, C.S., and Myneni, R.B. (2003). Interannual covariability in Northern Hemisphere air temperatures and greenness associated with El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002630"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2067","article-title":"Global warming and changes in drought","volume":"4","author":"Trenberth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00021.1","article-title":"Roles of ENSO and PDO in the link of the East Asian winter monsoon to the following summer monsoon","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2016.11.004","article-title":"Water-column cooling and sea surface salinity increase in the upwelling region off central-south Chile driven by a poleward displacement of the South Pacific High","volume":"151","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6219","article-title":"The central Chile mega drought (2010\u20132018): A climate dynamics perspective","volume":"40","author":"Garreaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McWethy, D.B., Pauchard, A., Garc\u00eda, R.A., Holz, A., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.E., Veblen, T.T., Stahl, J., and Currey, B. (2018). Landscape drivers of recent fire activity (2001\u20132017) in south-central Chile. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205287"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara, C., Cazelles, B., Sald\u00edas, G.S., Flores, R.P., Paredes, \u00c1.L., and Broitman, B.R. (2019). Coupled Biospheric Synchrony of the Coastal Temperate Ecosystem in Northern Patagonia: A Remote Sensing Analysis. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182092"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133317743165","article-title":"Reconstructions of the southern annular mode (SAM) during the last millennium","volume":"41","author":"Hessl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<4134:TITSAM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from observations and reanalyses","volume":"16","author":"Marshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900003","article-title":"Definition of Antarctic oscillation index","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3354\/cr01505","article-title":"Record-breaking climate anomalies lead to severe drought and environmental disruption in western Patagonia in 2016","volume":"74","author":"Garreaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clim. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3021-y","article-title":"Interdecadal modulation of ENSO-related spring rainfall over South China by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1579","article-title":"ENSO and PDO variability affect drought-induced fire occurrence in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests","volume":"15","author":"Schoennagel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-078X2010000100005","article-title":"Long-term research in Bosque Fray Jorge National Park: Twenty years studying the role of biotic and abiotic factors in a Chilean semiarid scrubland","volume":"83","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1644\/10-MAMM-S-267.1","article-title":"Global climate change and small mammal populations in north-central Chile","volume":"92","author":"Meserve","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2015.08.016","article-title":"Biotic interactions and community dynamics in the semiarid thorn scrub of Bosque Fray Jorge National Park, north-central Chile: A paradigm revisited","volume":"126","author":"Meserve","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.017","article-title":"MODIS NDVI time-series allow the monitoring of Eucalyptus plantation biomass","volume":"115","author":"Marsden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lara, C., Sald\u00edas, G.S., Paredes, A.L., Cazelles, B., and Broitman, B.R. (2018). Temporal variability of MODIS phenological indices in the temperate rainforest of Northern Patagonia. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060956"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001654923","article-title":"Narrow band vegetation indices overcome the saturation problem in biomass estimation","volume":"25","author":"Mutanga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2590\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:57Z","timestamp":1760163897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13132590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13132590","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]}}}