{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:51:12Z","timestamp":1770547872843,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Leading Science and Technology Special Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB41000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB41000000"]}]},{"name":"the Strategic Leading Science and Technology Special Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDB18000000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB18000000"]}]},{"name":"the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZR2019MD015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019MD015"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation","award":["U1931211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1931211"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation","award":["41772346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41772346"]}]},{"name":"China National Space Administration (CNSA)","award":["No. D020102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. D020102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>China\u2019s first Mars exploration mission (Tianwen-1) landed on the southern part of Mars\u2019 Utopia Planitia on 15 May 2021. The Zhurong rover will focus on high-resolution and in situ observations of key areas on the surface of Mars. Dust devils (DDs) are heat-driven vortices that lift material from the surface and inject it into the atmosphere. The dark or bright surface lineaments left by DDs are called dust devil tracks (DDTs). Dust devils can clear dust from solar panels deposited by gusts and dust storms. Therefore, it is of importance to study the encounter rates of dust devils at the Tianwen-1 landing site for achieving the rover\u2019s long-term scientific goals. Based on High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera (CTX) images, 248 newly formed DDTs in 12 image pairs were firstly identified, and their lengths, widths, and direction in the study area were measured. The distribution of their width frequency follows a \u22122 differential power law. Secondly, DDT formation rates were computed and analyzed with the range of 0.00006 to 0.1275 ddt km\u22122 sol\u22121, mainly affected by factors such as seasons and dust storm occurrence. Thirdly, the solar panel clearing recurrence interval derived from the orbital data in our study area was calculated from ~980 to 166,700 sols. The dust storm occurrence probability at the Tianwen-1 landing area is less than 3%, and there is a special anti-dust coating on board the Zhurong rover. Thus, the Zhurong rover can be considered competent for scientific exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T10:06:34Z","timestamp":1625220394000},"page":"2601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Preliminary Study of Dust Devil Tracks in Southern Utopia Planitia, Landing Area of Tianwen-1 Mission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"},{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongcheng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengbo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoexploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balme, M., and Greeley, R. (2006). Dust devils on earth and mars. Rev. Geophys., 44.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000188"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.230.4722.175","article-title":"Dust devils on Mars","volume":"230","author":"Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8975","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JE900017","article-title":"Opacity of the Martian atmosphere measured by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder","volume":"104","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23429","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001455","article-title":"Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through prima-ry mission","volume":"106","author":"Malin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greeley, R., Arvidson, R., Bell, J.F., Christensen, P., and Sullivan, R. (2005). Martian variable features: New insight from the mars express orbiter and the mars exploration rover spirit. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JE002403"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L14230","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044016","article-title":"First in-situ analysis of dust devil tracks on earth and their comparison with tracks on mars","volume":"37","author":"Reiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-016-0308-6","article-title":"Dust Devil Tracks","volume":"203","author":"Reiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/41619","article-title":"Pathfinder probes the weather on Mars","volume":"388","author":"Battersby","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001029","article-title":"Measurement of the settling rate of atmospheric dust on Mars by the MAE instrument on Mars Pathfinder","volume":"105","author":"Landis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Squyres, S.W., Arvidson, R., Bell, J.F., Carr, M., Christensen, P., DesMarais, D., Economou, T., Gorevan, S., Klingelhoefer, G., and Haskin, L. (1997, January 17\u201321). The Athena Mars Rover Science Payload. Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaughan, A.F., Johnson, J.R., Herkenhoff, K.E., Sullivan, R., and Madsen, M.B. (2010). Pancam and Microscopic Imager Observations of Dust on the Spirit Rover: Cleaning Events, Spectral Properties, and Aggregates, Center for Integrated Data Analytics Wisconsin Science Center.","DOI":"10.1555\/mars.2010.0005"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-020-0534-0","article-title":"The atmosphere of Mars as observed by InSight","volume":"13","author":"Banfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.10.034","article-title":"Solar panel clearing events, dust devil tracks, and in-situ vortex detections on Mars","volume":"248","author":"Lorenz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe4386","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe4386","article-title":"Transient hcl in the atmosphere of mars","volume":"7","author":"Korablev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL092650","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092650","article-title":"Probing the atmospheric cl isotopic ratio on mars: Implications for planetary evolution and atmospheric chemistry","volume":"48","author":"Liuzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E07002","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JE002966","article-title":"The distribution of dust devil activity on Mars","volume":"113","author":"Whelley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balme, M.R., Whelley, P.L., and Greeley, R. (2003). Mars: Dust devil track survey in Argyre Planitia and Hellas Basin. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002096"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verba, C.A., Geissler, P.E., Titus, T.N., and Waller, D. (2010). Observations from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE): Martian dust devils in Gusev and Russell craters. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JE003498"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2015.11.012","article-title":"Dust devil track survey at Elysium Planitia, Mars: Implications for the InSight land-ing sites","volume":"266","author":"Reiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL087234","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087234","article-title":"Monitoring of Dust Devil Tracks Around the InSight Landing Site, Mars, and Comparison with in situ Atmospheric Data","volume":"47","author":"Perrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, J.A., Richardson, M.I., Newman, C.E., Szwast, M.A., Graf, C., Basu, S., Ewald, S.P., Toigo, A.D., and Wilson, R.J. (2005). A survey of Martian dust devil activity using Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera im-ages. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002165"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JE002605","article-title":"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\u2019s High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)","volume":"112","author":"McEwen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E05S04","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JE002808","article-title":"Context Camera Investigation on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter","volume":"112","author":"Malin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-016-9035-5","article-title":"Mission overview and key technologies of the first Mars probe of China","volume":"60","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-1148-6","article-title":"China\u2019s first mission to Mars","volume":"4","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantor, B.A., Kanak, K.M., and Edgettet, K.S. (2006). Mars Orbiter Camera observations of Martian dust devils and their tracks (September 1997 to January 2006) and evaluation of theoretical vortex models. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JE002700"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-28.4.168","article-title":"Behavior of dust devils","volume":"28","author":"Ives","year":"1947","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.08.021","article-title":"Field measurements of horizontal forward motion velocities of terrestrial dust devils: To-wards a proxy for ambient winds on Mars and Earth","volume":"221","author":"Balme","year":"2012","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2013.08.028","article-title":"The horizontal motion of dust devils on Mars derived from CRISM and CTX\/HiRISE observa-tions","volume":"227","author":"Reiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24155","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JE001025","article-title":"Improved general circulation models of the martian atmosphere from the surface to above 80 km","volume":"104","author":"Forget","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Millour, E., Forget, F., Spiga, A., Vals, M., Zakharov, V., Montabone, L., Lef\u00e8vre, F., Montmessin, F., Chaufray, J.Y., and L\u00f3pez-Valverde, M.A. (2018, January 27\u201328). The Mars Climate Database (version 5.3). Presented at From Mars Express to ExoMars Scientific Workshop, ESA-ESAC, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2009.06.029","article-title":"Power law of dust devil diameters on Mars and Earth","volume":"203","author":"Lorenz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Yan, J., Li, F., and Li, B. (2021). Spatial Autocorrelation of Martian Surface Temperature and Its Spatio-Temporal Relationships with Near-Surface Environmental Factors across China\u2019s Tianwen-1 Landing Zone. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112206"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2013.06.031","article-title":"The longevity and aspect ratio of dust devils: Effects on detection efficiencies and comparison of landed and orbital imaging at mars","volume":"226","author":"Lorenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-018-0543-0","article-title":"Atmospheric Science with InSight","volume":"214","author":"Spiga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020EA001242","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EA001242","article-title":"Evaluating the Dust Storm Probability in Isidis-lysium Planitia, a Tentative Landing Area of Chi-na\u2019s First Mars Mission (Tianwen-1)","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2020.11.005","article-title":"Scientific objectives and payloads of tianwen-1, china\u2019s first mars exploration mission","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renno, N.O., Abreu, V.J., Koch, J., Smith, P.H., Hartogensis, O.K., De Bruin, H.A.R., Burose, D., Delory, G.T., Farrell, W.M., and Watts, C.J. (2004). MATADOR 2002: A pilot field experiment on convective plumes and dust devils. J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JE002219"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, H., Zhang, T., Jia, Y., Peng, S., and Yan, C. (2021). Zhurong: Features and mission of China\u2019s first Mars rover. Innovation, 100121.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2021.100121"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2601\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:25:21Z","timestamp":1760163921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/13\/2601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13132601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13132601","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]}}}