{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:12:51Z","timestamp":1771632771475,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]],"date-time":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000016","name":"Canadian Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAST  2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAST  2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral remote sensing across multiple spatio-temporal scales allows for mapping and monitoring mangrove habitats to support urgent conservation efforts. The use of hyperspectral imagery for assessing mangroves is less common than for terrestrial forest ecosystems. In this study, two well-known measures in statistical physics, Mean Information Gain (MIG) and Marginal Entropy (ME), have been adapted to high spatial resolution (2.5 m) full range (Visible-Shortwave-Infrared) airborne hyperspectral imagery. These two spectral complexity metrics describe the spatial heterogeneity and the aspatial heterogeneity of the reflectance. In this study, we compare MIG and ME with surface reflectance for mapping mangrove extent and species composition in the Sierpe mangroves in Costa Rica. The highest accuracy for separating mangroves from forest was achieved with visible-near infrared (VNIR) reflectance (98.8% overall accuracy), following by shortwave infrared (SWIR) MIG and ME (98%). Our results also show that MIG and ME can discriminate dominant mangrove species with higher accuracy than surface reflectance alone (e.g., MIG\u2013VNIR = 93.6% vs. VNIR Reflectance = 89.7%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T22:35:22Z","timestamp":1625438122000},"page":"2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Spectral Complexity of Hyperspectral Images: A New Approach for Mangrove Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6928-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Osei Darko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3A 0B9, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"Kalacska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3A 0B9, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0287-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Pablo","family":"Arroyo-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flight Research Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Fagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0807:MFOOTW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mangrove Forests: One of the World\u2019s Threatened Major Tropical Environments: At least 35% of the area of mangrove forests has been lost in the past two decades, losses that exceed those for tropical rain forests and coral reefs, two other well-known threatened environments","volume":"51","author":"Valiela","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x","article-title":"Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data","volume":"20","author":"Giri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. 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