{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:32:03Z","timestamp":1767706323257,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]],"date-time":"2021-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRDPJ 543428 - 19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRDPJ 543428 - 19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has become an increasingly recognized remote sensing technology for earth surface monitoring. Slow and subtle terrain displacements can be estimated using time-series InSAR (TSInSAR) data. However, a substantial increase in the availability of exclusive time series data necessitates the development of more efficient and effective algorithms. Research in these areas is usually carried out by solving complicated optimization problems, which is very computationally expensive and time-consuming. This work proposes a two-stage black-box optimization framework to jointly estimate the average ground deformation rate and terrain digital elevation model (DEM) error. The method performs an iterative grid search (IGS) to acquire coarse candidate solutions, and then a covariance matrix adaptive evolution strategy (CMAES) is adopted to obtain the final local results. The performance of our method is evaluated using both simulated and real datasets. Both quantitative and qualitative comparisons using different optimizers support the reliability and effectiveness of our work. The proposed IGS-CMAES achieves higher accuracy with a significantly fewer number of objective function evaluations than other established algorithms. It offers the possibility for wide-area monitoring, where high precision and real-time processing is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,4]],"date-time":"2021-07-04T22:35:22Z","timestamp":1625438122000},"page":"2615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IGS-CMAES: A Two-Stage Optimization for Ground Deformation and DEM Error Estimation in Time Series InSAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3073-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3vGeomatics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0M6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6479-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhayan","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada"}]},{"given":"Parwant","family":"Ghuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3vGeomatics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0M6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9699-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimedia Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.021","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer InSAR: A comparison of methodologies based on a model of temporal deformation vs. spatial correlation selection criteria","volume":"115","author":"Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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