{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:30Z","timestamp":1772253030674,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC19K0684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC19K0684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Falling snow alters its own microwave signatures when it begins to accumulate on the ground, making retrieval of snowfall challenging. This paper investigates the effects of snow-cover depth and cloud liquid water content on microwave signatures of terrestrial snowfall using reanalysis data and multi-annual observations by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite with particular emphasis on the 89 and 166 GHz channels. It is found that over shallow snow cover (snow water equivalent (SWE) \u2264100\u00a0kg\u00a0m\u22122) and low values of cloud liquid water path (LWP 100\u2013150 g\u00a0m\u22122), the scattering of light snowfall (intensities \u22640.5\u00a0mm\u00a0h\u22121) is detectable only at frequency 166 GHz, while for higher snowfall rates, the signal can also be detected at 89 GHz. However, when SWE exceeds 200 kg\u00a0m\u22122 and the LWP is greater than 100\u2013150 g\u00a0m\u22122, the emission from the increased liquid water content in snowing clouds becomes the only surrogate microwave signal of snowfall that is stronger at frequency 89 than 166 GHz. The results also reveal that over high latitudes above 60\u00b0N where the SWE is greater than 200 kg\u00a0m\u22122 and LWP is lower than 100\u2013150 g\u00a0m\u22122, the snowfall microwave signal could not be detected with GPM without considering a priori data about SWE and LWP. Our findings provide quantitative insights for improving retrieval of snowfall in particular over snow-covered terrain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13132641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T22:02:04Z","timestamp":1625522524000},"page":"2641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantitative Investigation of Radiometric Interactions between Snowfall, Snow Cover, and Cloud Liquid Water over Land"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0806-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeinab","family":"Takbiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-1021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Milani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"},{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clement","family":"Guilloteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1078-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efi","family":"Foufoula-Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Anthony Falls Lab, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.825585","article-title":"A physical model to determine snowfall over land by microwave radiometry","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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