{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T17:03:00Z","timestamp":1776358980904,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Foundation of Natural Science of China","award":["No. 41876013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 41876013"]}]},{"name":"the National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction","award":["GASI-IPOVAI-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GASI-IPOVAI-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ocean surface and subsurface biophysical responses and their feedbacks to super typhoon Nida were comprehensively investigated based on a substantial dataset of multiple-satellite observations, Argo profiles, and reanalysis data. Nida experienced two Category 5 stages: a rapid intensification stage that was fast moving along a straight-line track, and a rapid weakening stage that was slowly moving along a sharp-left sudden-turning track. During the straight-line stage, Nida caused an average sea surface temperature (SST) cooling of 1.44 \u00b0C and a chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration increase of 0.03 mg m\u22123. During the sudden-turning stage, cyclonic sudden-turning induced a strong cold cyclonic eddy (SSHA &lt; \u221260 cm) by strong upwelling, which caused the maximum SST cooling of 6.68 \u00b0C and a long-lasting chl-a bloom of 0.6 mg m\u22123 on the left-hand side of the track, resulting in substantial impacts on the ocean ecological environment. Furthermore, the enhanced ocean cold wake and the longer air\u2013sea interaction in turn decreased the average inner-core SST of 4 \u00b0C and the corresponding enthalpy flux of 780 W m\u22122, which induced a notable negative feedback to the typhoon intensity by weakening it from Category 5 to Category 2. The left bias response and notable negative feedback are special due to sharp-left sudden-turning of typhoon. Comparing with the previously found slow translation speed (~4 m s\u22121) of significant ocean response, the negative feedback requires even more restriction of translation speed (&lt;2 m s\u22121) and sharp sudden-turning could effectively relax restrictions by making equivalent translation speed lower and air-sea interaction time longer. Our findings point out that there are some unique features in ocean\u2013typhoon interactions under sudden-turning and\/or lingering tracks comparing with ordinary tracks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T11:36:44Z","timestamp":1625571404000},"page":"2648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1793-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiagen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanjian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, China"}]},{"given":"Guihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Upper ocean response to a hurricane","volume":"11","author":"Price","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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