{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T02:02:33Z","timestamp":1774922553137,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DeepNL.2018.033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DeepNL.2018.033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies examining the relationship between the groundwater table and seismic velocities have been guided by empirical relationships only. Here, we develop a physics-based model relating fluctuations in groundwater table and pore pressure with seismic velocity variations through changes in effective stress. This model justifies the use of seismic velocity variations for monitoring of the pore pressure. Using a subset of the Groningen seismic network, near-surface velocity changes are estimated over a four-year period, using passive image interferometry. The same velocity changes are predicted by applying the newly derived theory to pressure-head recordings. It is demonstrated that the theory provides a close match of the observed seismic velocity changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T04:32:49Z","timestamp":1625718769000},"page":"2684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Physics-Based Relationship for Pore Pressure and Vertical Stress Monitoring Using Seismic Velocity Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-1129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eldert","family":"Fokker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"R&D Seismology and Acoustics, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Utrechtseweg 297, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7153-5115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmer","family":"Ruigrok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"R&D Seismology and Acoustics, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Utrechtseweg 297, 3731 GA De Bilt, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhys","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5868-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannot","family":"Trampert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agph.2014.08.001","article-title":"Chapter One\u2014Seismic Tomography and the Assessment of Uncertainty","volume":"55","author":"Rawlinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. 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