{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T18:03:19Z","timestamp":1772474599231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai planning and land resources administration","award":["2015(D)-002(F)-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015(D)-002(F)-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taking Shanghai as an example, this paper uses remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) technology to conduct multisource data fusion and a spatial pattern analysis of urban carrying capacity at the micro scale. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) based on the \u201cproduction, living and ecology\u201d land functions framework and land use data, Shanghai is divided into seven types of urban spaces to reveal their heterogeneity and compatibility in terms of land use functions. (2) We propose an urban carrying capacity coupling model (UCCCM) based on multisource data. The model incorporates threshold and saturation effects, which improve its power to explain urban carrying capacity. (3) Using the exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) technique, this paper studies the spatial pattern of carrying capacity in different urban spaces of Shanghai. (4) We analyse the causes of the cold spots in each urban space and propose strategies to improve the urban carrying capacity according to local conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T10:42:17Z","timestamp":1625740937000},"page":"2695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Research on Urban Carrying Capacity Based on Multisource Data Fusion\u2014A Case Study of Shanghai"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Ji\u2019nan 250357, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yishao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.12732","article-title":"The Relevance of Circular Economy Practices to the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"23","author":"Schroeder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/095624789200400212","article-title":"Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out","volume":"4","author":"Rees","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.10.015","article-title":"Sustainable urban development: A review on urban carrying capacity assessment","volume":"46","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Central People\u2019s Government of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2020, April 17). Bulletin of the State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/gongbao\/2020\/issue_8266.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.07.009","article-title":"A world population growth model: Interaction with earth\u2019s carrying capacity and technology in limited space","volume":"82","author":"Taagepera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"925","article-title":"Examination of the Phoenix regional water supply for sustainable yield and carrying capacity","volume":"46","author":"Bush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Resour. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.09.006","article-title":"Water resources carrying capacity assessment: The case of Algeria\u2019s capital city","volume":"58","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2003)053[1169:IHIEOA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Integrating humans into ecology: Opportunities and challenges for studying ur-ban ecosystems","volume":"53","author":"Alberti","year":"2003","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2013.12.001","article-title":"Coastal scenic assessment and tourism management in western Cuba","volume":"42","author":"Anfuso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2014.11.002","article-title":"Carrying capacity assessment of forest resources: Enhancing environmental sustainability in energy production at local scale","volume":"94","author":"Martire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8809(94)90109-0","article-title":"Usefulness of the human carrying capacity concept in assessing ecological sustainability of land-use in semi-arid regions","volume":"48","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0462(00)00040-5","article-title":"Does public infrastructure affect economic activity?: Evidence from the rural interstate highway system","volume":"30","author":"Chandra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reg. Sci. Urban Econ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.1999.0285","article-title":"A management planning framework based on ecological, perceptual and economic carrying capacity: The case study of Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece","volume":"56","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.02.002","article-title":"Evaluation method of urban land population carrying capacity based on GIS\u2014A case of Shanghai, China","volume":"39","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.08.071","article-title":"What can be learned from practical cases of green economy? \u2013studies from five European countries","volume":"139","author":"Antikainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaei, R., and Yari, G. (2021). Keyfitz entropy: Investigating some mathematical properties and its application for estimating survival function in life table. Math. Sci., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40096-020-00354-5"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahim, A., Tan, Q., Naz, B., Ain, Q., and Bazai, S. (2021). Sustainable Higher Education Reform Quality Assessment Using SWOT Analysis with Integration of AHP and Entropy Models: A Case Study of Morocco. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084312"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2007.05.019","article-title":"Transshipment site selection using the AHP and TOPSIS approaches under fuzzy environment","volume":"28","author":"Soner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekesiene, S., Vasiliauskas, A.V., Ho\u0161kov\u00e1-Mayerov\u00e1, \u0160., and Vasilien\u0117-Vasiliauskien\u0117, V. (2021). Comprehensive Assessment of Distance Learning Modules by Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Method. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9040409"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"456","article-title":"Experience of e-learning and online assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic at the College of Medicine, Qassim University","volume":"15","author":"Elzainy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, M.L., Melaas, E.K., and Malik, A. (2016). Using VIIRS day\/night band to measure electricity supply reliability: Preliminary results from Maharashtra, India. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090711"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"829","article-title":"Study on urban spatial expansion in Gansu Province from 1992 to 2012 based on night light","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"43","article-title":"Regional disparity and stochastic convergence test of China\u2019s economic development: Based on DMSP\/OLS night light data from 2000 to 2013","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quant. Tech. Econ. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Jordahl, K., Bossche, J.D., Wasserman, J., McBride, J., Fleischmann, M., and Gerard, J. (2020, July 15). Geopandas\/Geopandas: v0.8.1 (Version v0.8.1). Zenodo. Available online: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3946761."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392","article-title":"Regional estimates of chemical composition of fine particulate matter using a combined geoscience-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crist\u00f3bal, J., Jim\u00e9nez-Mu\u00f1oz, J.C., Prakash, A., Mattar, C., Skokovi\u0107, D., and Sobrino, J.A. (2018). An Improved Single-Channel Method to Retrieve Land Surface Temperature from the Landsat-8 Thermal Band. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10030431"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galdies, C., and Lau, H.S. (2020). Urban Heat Island Effect, Extreme Temperatures and Climate Change: A Case Study of Hong Kong SAR, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37425-9_20"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"154","article-title":"Land surface temperature inversion based on Landsat8 satellite images and analysis of urban heat island effect in Fuzhou in spring","volume":"34","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Northwest For. Univ."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"116","article-title":"Remote sensing inversion of land surface temperature in irrigated area verified by ground infrared detection system","volume":"33","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"157","article-title":"Research review and framework construction of land mixed use","volume":"38","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"133","article-title":"Research progress and prospect of urban comprehensive carrying capacity","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021705","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: A comparison with DMSP-OLS data","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/00330124.2019.1709215","article-title":"Extending Getis\u2013Ord statistics to account for local space\u2013time autocorrelation in spatial panel data","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prof. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x","article-title":"Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: Distributional issues and an application","volume":"27","author":"Ord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-020-02506-7","article-title":"An integrated framework for extreme drought assessments using the natural drought index, copula and Gi*statistic","volume":"34","author":"Vo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-13","article-title":"Spatial and temporal structure of typhoid outbreaks in Washington, DC 1906\u20131909: Evaluating local clustering with the Gi* statistic","volume":"5","author":"Hinman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Zhou, C. (,  2004). Some understandings on the geographic grid system. Proceedings of the National Cartography and GIS Academic Conference, Fuzhou, China. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Spatial difference analysis method of urban carrying capacity: A case study of Changzhou city","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"709","article-title":"Evaluation method of accuracy loss of raster attributes and its scale effect analysis: A case study of 1:250000 land cover data in Sichuan Province","volume":"66","author":"Bai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"91","article-title":"Evaluation of natural suitability of human settlement environment based on grid scale in Yunnan Province","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reg. Res. Dev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2695\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:27:55Z","timestamp":1760164075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13142695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13142695","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]}}}