{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:08:26Z","timestamp":1772266106086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFA0600203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0600203"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["ZDRW-ZS-2019-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDRW-ZS-2019-1"]}]},{"name":"International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["GJHZ201903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJHZ201903"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41905029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41905029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ESA Climate Change Initiative CCI+","award":["GHG theme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHG theme"]}]},{"name":"ESA-MOST Dragon-4 programme","award":["32301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32301"]}]},{"name":"UK NERC National Centre for Earth Observation","award":["NE\/N018079\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/N018079\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK NERC National Centre for Earth Observation","award":["NE\/R016518\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R016518\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312125, 331829, 337552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312125, 331829, 337552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations of CO2 and CH4, due to human activities, is the main driver of the observed increase in surface temperature by more than 1 \u00b0C since the pre-industrial era. At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris, most nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the increase in global surface temperature to 1.5 \u00b0C. Satellite remote sensing of CO2 and CH4 is now well established thanks to missions such as NASA\u2019s OCO-2 and the Japanese GOSAT missions, which have allowed us to build a long-term record of atmospheric GHG concentrations from space. They also give us a first glimpse into CO2 and CH4 enhancements related to anthropogenic emission, which helps to pave the way towards the future missions aimed at a Monitoring &amp; Verification Support (MVS) capacity for the global stock take of the Paris agreement. China plays an important role for the global carbon budget as the largest source of anthropogenic carbon emissions but also as a region of increased carbon sequestration as a result of several reforestation projects. Over the last 10 years, a series of projects on mitigation of carbon emission has been started in China, including the development of the first Chinese greenhouse gas monitoring satellite mission, TanSat, which was successfully launched on 22 December 2016. Here, we summarise the results of a collaborative project between European and Chinese teams under the framework of the Dragon-4 programme of ESA and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) to characterize and evaluate the datasets from the TanSat mission by retrieval intercomparisons and ground-based validation and to apply model comparisons and surface flux inversion methods to TanSat and other CO2 missions, with a focus on China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T21:05:54Z","timestamp":1625778354000},"page":"2700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Monitoring Greenhouse Gases from Space"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Boesch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation NCEO, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Middle Atmosphere and Global Environmental Observation (LAGEO), & Carbon Neutrality Research Center (CNRC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3095-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Tamminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Middle Atmosphere and Global Environmental Observation (LAGEO), & Carbon Neutrality Research Center (CNRC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Paul I.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 99600 Sodankyl\u00e4, Finland"},{"name":"School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-906X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannakaisa","family":"Lindqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Zhaonan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Middle Atmosphere and Global Environmental Observation (LAGEO), & Carbon Neutrality Research Center (CNRC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Middle Atmosphere and Global Environmental Observation (LAGEO), & Carbon Neutrality Research Center (CNRC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Noia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 99600 Sodankyl\u00e4, Finland"},{"name":"School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5281-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janne","family":"Hakkarainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1125-0756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iolanda","family":"Ialongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Kalaitzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Tomi","family":"Karppinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation NCEO, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigel","family":"Kivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation NCEO, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9FF, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-8775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella","family":"Kivim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00560 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation NCEO, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Preval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Middle Atmosphere and Global Environmental Observation (LAGEO), & Carbon Neutrality Research Center (CNRC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Alex J.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation NCEO, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Middle Atmosphere and Global Environmental Observation (LAGEO), & Carbon Neutrality Research Center (CNRC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, 9747 Groningen, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dlugokencky, E., and Tans, P. (2021, March 01). Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA\/ESRL), Available online: http:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/gmd\/ccgg\/trends\/global.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1078-6","article-title":"Five decades of northern land carbon uptake revealed by the interhemispheric CO2 gradient","volume":"568","author":"Ciais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-3269-2020","article-title":"Global Carbon Budget 2020","volume":"12","author":"Friedlingstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1999)056<0127:SMOAMM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"SCI-AMACHY: Mission objectives and measurement modes","volume":"56","author":"Bovensmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6716","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.006716","article-title":"Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring","volume":"48","author":"Kuze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023508","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2898457","article-title":"NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory: Measuring the column averaged carbon dioxide mole fraction from space","volume":"2","author":"Crisp","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.027","article-title":"Global satellite observations of column-averaged carbon dioxide and methane: The GHG-CCI XCO2 and XCH4 CRDP3 data set","volume":"203","author":"Buchwitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-015-0953-2","article-title":"An advanced carbon dioxide retrieval algorithm for satellite meas-urements and its application to GOSAT observations","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6539-2018","article-title":"Improved retrievals of carbon dioxide from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 with the version 8 ACOS algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Eldering","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1533-2013","article-title":"Improvement of the retrieval algorithm for GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 and their validation using TCCON data","volume":"6","author":"Yoshida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11097-w","article-title":"Net carbon emissions from African biosphere dominate pan-tropical atmospheric CO2 signal","volume":"10","author":"Palmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakkarainen, J., Ialongo, I., Maksyutov, S., and Crisp, D. (2019). Analysis of Four Years of Global XCO2 Anomalies as Seen by Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070850"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070885","article-title":"Direct space-based observations of anthropogenic CO2 emission areas from OCO-2, Geophys","volume":"43","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-017-6221-4","article-title":"Monitoring carbon dioxide from space: Retrieval algorithm and flux inversion based on GOSAT data and using CarbonTracker-China","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0220-7","article-title":"China and India lead in greening of the world through land-use management","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zhang, Y., Yin, Z., Zheng, Y., Yan, C., Yang, Z., and Liu, Y. (2012, January 1\u20135). The TanSat mission: Global CO2 observation and monitoring. Proceedings of the 63rd IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.01.019","article-title":"TanSat: A new star in global carbon monitoring from China","volume":"64","author":"Ran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3788\/OPE.20172508.2064","article-title":"Preflight spectral calibration of hyperspectral carbon dioxide spectrometer of TanSat","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1360\/972013-518","article-title":"Optimization of the instrument configuration for TanSat CO2 spectrometer","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Yang, Z.D., and Bi, Y.M. (2014). Paper Presented at Spectral Parameters and Signal-to-Noise Ratio Requirement for CO2 Hyper Spectral Remote Sensor, SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2067572"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Yang, D., Cai, Z., Liu, Y., and Spurr, R.J.D. (2017). Aerosol Retrieval Sensitivity and Error Analysis for the Cloud and Aerosol Polarimetric Imager on Board TanSat: The Effect of Multi-Angle Measurement. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9020183"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.04.034","article-title":"Geometric correction for TanSat atmospheric carbon dioxide grating spectrometer","volume":"293","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-018-7312-6","article-title":"First Global Carbon Dioxide Maps Produced from TanSat Measurements","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cogan, A.J., Boesch, H., Parker, R.J., Feng, L., Palmer, P.I., Blavier, J.-F.L., Deutscher, N., Macatangay, R., Notholt, J., and Roehl, C. (2012). Atmospheric carbon dioxide retrieved from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT): Comparison with ground-based TCCON observations and GEOS-Chem model calculations. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018087"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somkuti, P., B\u00f6sch, H., and Parker, R. (2020). The Significance of Fast Radiative Transfer for Hyperspectral SWIR XCO2 Retrievals. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11111219"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-4781-2017","article-title":"Consistent regional fluxes of CH4 and CO2 inferred from GOSAT proxy XCH4: XCO2 retrievals, 2010\u20132014","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5194\/gi-5-271-2016","article-title":"Fourier transform spectrometer measurements of column CO2 at Sodankyl\u00e4, Finland","volume":"5","author":"Kivi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Instrum. Methods Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-3491-2016","article-title":"Bias corrections of GOSAT SWIR XCO2 and XCH4 with TCCON data and their evaluation using aircraft measurement data","volume":"9","author":"Inoue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-2209-2017","article-title":"Comparisons of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) XCO2 measurements with TCCON","volume":"10","author":"Wunch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5443","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-5443-2019","article-title":"Improving the TROPOMI CO data product: Update of the spectroscopic database and destriping of single orbits","volume":"12","author":"Borsdorff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-665-2021","article-title":"Methane retrieved from TROPOMI: Improvement of the data product and validation of the first 2 years of measurements","volume":"14","author":"Lorente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sha, M.K., Langerock, B., Blavier, J.-F.L., Blumenstock, T., Borsdorff, T., Buschmann, M., Dehn, A., De Mazi\u00e8re, M., Deutscher, N.M., and Feist, D.G. (2021). Validation of Methane and Carbon Monoxide from Sentinel-5 Precursor using TCCON and NDACC-IRWG stations. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., in review.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-6249-2021"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JTECHA1448.1","article-title":"AirCore: An Innovative Atmospheric Sampling System","volume":"27","author":"Karion","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024657","article-title":"Retrieval of atmospheric CH4 profiles from Fourier transform infrared data using dimension reduction and MCMC","volume":"121","author":"Tukiainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6125","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-6125-2019","article-title":"Retrieval of atmospheric CH4 vertical information from ground-based FTS near-infrared spectra","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4791","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-4791-2020","article-title":"Intercomparison of low- and high-resolution infrared spectrometers for ground-based solar remote sensing measurements of total column concentrations of CO2, CH4, and CO","volume":"13","author":"Sha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-4751-2020","article-title":"Intercomparison of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 abundances on regional scales in boreal areas using Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) analysis, COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) spectrometers, and Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite observations","volume":"13","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, M., Ertl, B., Diekmann, C.J., Khosrawi, F., R\u00f6hling, A.N., Hase, F., Dubravica, D., Garc\u00eda, O.E., Sep\u00falveda, E., and Borsdorff, T. (2021). Synergetic use of IASI and TROPOMI space borne sensors for generating a tropospheric methane profile product. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., in review.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2021-31"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Toon, G.C. (2017). Solar Line List for GGG2014, TCCON Data Archive. Hosted by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak, Ridge National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201731316","article-title":"SOLAR-ISS: A new reference spectrum based on SOLAR\/SOLSPEC observations","volume":"611","author":"Meftah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032794","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032794","article-title":"Toward High Precision XCO 2 Retrievals from TanSat Observations: Retrieval Improvement and Validation Against TCCON Measurements","volume":"125","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-020-0297-y","article-title":"A New TanSat XCO2 Global Product towards Climate Studies","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2018.08.004","article-title":"The TanSat mission: Preliminary global observations","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2006.09.013","article-title":"Uncertainties in the space-based measurements of CO2 columns due to scattering in the Earth\u2019s atmosphere","volume":"104","author":"Aben","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"14","article-title":"Monitoring Greenhouses Gases over China Using Space-Based Observations","volume":"3","author":"Boesch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geod. Geoinf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D05305","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008336","article-title":"Orbiting Carbon Observatory: Inverse method and prospective error analysis","volume":"113","author":"Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"720","article-title":"Large Chinese land carbon sink estimated from atmospheric carbon dioxide data","volume":"586","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0240","article-title":"The Total Carbon Column Observing Network","volume":"369","author":"Wunch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13023","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-13023-2015","article-title":"Does GOSAT capture the true seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide?","volume":"15","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivim\u00e4ki, E., Lindqvist, H., Hakkarainen, J., Laine, M., Sussmann, R., Tsuruta, A., Detmers, R., Deutscher, N.M., Dlugokencky, E.J., and Hase, F. (2019). Evaluation and Analysis of the Seasonal Cycle and Variability of the Trend from GOSAT Methane Retrievals. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11070882"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Deutscher, N.M., Notholt, J., Messerschmidt, J., Weinzierl, C., Warneke, T., Petri, C., and Grupe, P. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Bialystok (PL), Release GGG2014.R2 (Version R2), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.BIALYSTOK01.R2."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Notholt, J., Petri, C., Warneke, T., Deutscher, N.M., Palm, M., Buschmann, M., Weinzierl, C., Macatangay, R.C., and Grupe, P. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Bremen (DE), Release GGG2014.R1 (Version R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.BREMEN01.R1."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Morino, I., Velazco, V.A., Akihiro, H., Osamu, U., and Griffith, D.W.T. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Burgos, Ilocos Norte (PH), Release GGG2014.R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.burgos01.R0."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wennberg, P.O., Wunch, D., Roehl, C., Blavier, J.-F., Toon, G.C., and Allen, N. (2021, May 28). TCCON data from Caltech (US), Release GGG2014R1 (Version GGG2014.R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.pasadena01.R1\/1182415.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.pasadena01.R1\/1182415"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, D.W., Deutscher, N.M., Velazco, V.A., Wennberg, P.O., Yavin, Y., Aleks, G.K., Washenfelder, R., Toon, G.C., Blavier, J.-F., and Murphy, C. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Darwin (AU), Release GGG2014R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.darwin01.R0\/1149290.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.darwin01.R0\/1149290"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Wunch, D., Mendonca, J., Colebatch, O., Allen, N., Blavier, J.-F.L., Roche, S., Hedelius, J.K., Neufeld, G., Springett, S., and Worthy, D.E.J. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from East Trout Lake (CA), Release GGG2014R1 (Version R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.easttroutlake01.R1."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iraci, L.T., Podolske, J., Hillyard, P.W., Roehl, C., Wennberg, P.O., Blavier, J.-F., Allen, N., Wunch, D., Osterman, G.B., and Albertson, R. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Edwards (US), Release GGG2014R1 (Version GGG2014.R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.edwards01.R1\/1255068.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.edwards01.R1\/1255068"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Sussmann, R., and Rettinger, M. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Garmisch (DE), Release GGG2014.R2 (Version R2), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.GARMISCH01.R2."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Wennberg, P.O., Roehl, C.M., Blavier, J.-F., Wunch, D., and Allen, N.T. (2021, May 28). TCCON data from Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US), 2011, Release GGG2014.R1 (Version GGG2014.R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.JPL02.R1\/1330096."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., Dohe, S., Gross, J., and Kiel, M. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Karlsruhe (DE), Release GGG2014R1, TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.karlsruhe01.R1\/1182416.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.karlsruhe01.R1\/1182416"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wennberg, P.O., Wunch, D., Roehl, C., Blavier, J.F., Toon, G.C., Allen, N., Dowell, P., Teske, K., Martin, C., and Martin, J. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US), 2011, Release GGG2014.R1 (Version GGG2014.R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.LAMONT01.R1\/1255070.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.lamont01.R1\/1255070"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherlock, V., Connor, B., Robinson, J., Shiona, H., Smale, D., and Pollard, D.F. (2021, May 28). TCCON data from Lauder (NZ), 125HR, Release GGG2014.R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.LAUDER02.R0\/1149298.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.lauder02.R0\/1149298"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Pollard, D.F., Robinson, J., and Shiona, H. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Lauder (NZ), Release GGG2014.R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.LAUDER03.R0."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Warneke, T., Messerschmidt, J., Notholt, J., Weinzierl, C., Deutscher, N.M., Petri, C., and Grupe, P. (2021, May 28). TCCON data from Orl\u00e9ans (FR), Release GGG2014.R1 (Version R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.ORLEANS01.R1."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Te, Y., Jeseck, P., and Janssen, C. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Paris (FR), Release GGG2014R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.paris01.R0\/1149279.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.paris01.R0\/1149279"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Wennberg, P.O., Roehl, C.M., Wunch, D., Toon, G.C., Blavier, J.-F., Washenfelder, R., Keppel-Aleks, G., Allen, N.T., and Ayers, J. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Park Falls (US), Release GGG2014.R1 (Version GGG2014.R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.PARKFALLS01.R1."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Morino, I., Yokozeki, N., Matzuzaki, T., and Horikawa, M. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Rikubetsu (JP), Release GGG2014R2, TCCON Data Drchive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.rikubetsu01.R2."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawakami, S., Ohyama, H., Arai, K., Okumura, H., Taura, C., Fukamachi, T., and Sakashita, M. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Saga (JP), Release GGG2014R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.saga01.R0\/1149283.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.saga01.R0\/1149283"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivi, R., Heikkinen, P., and Kyr\u00f6, E. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Sodankyla (FI), Release GGG2014R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.sodankyla01.R0\/1149280.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.sodankyla01.R0\/1149280"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Morino, I., Matsuzaki, T., and Horikawa, M. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Tsukuba (JP), 125HR, Release GGG2014.R2 (Version R2), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/TCCON.GGG2014.TSUKUBA02.R2."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, D.W., Velazco, V.A., Deutscher, N.M., Murphy, C., Jones, N., Wilson, S., Macatangay, R., Kettlewell, G., Buchholz, R.R., and Riggenbach, M. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Wollongong (AU), Release GGG2014R0 (Version GGG2014.R0), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.wollongong01.R0\/1149291.","DOI":"10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.wollongong01.R0\/1149291"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sussmann, R., and Rettinger, M. (2021, May 28). TCCON Data from Zugspitze (DE), Release GGG2014R1 (Version R1), TCCON Data Archive, Hosted by CaltechDATA. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14291\/tccon.ggg2014.zugspitze01.R1."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2257","article-title":"Decreasing emissions of NOx relative to CO2 in East Asia inferred from satellite observations","volume":"7","author":"Reuter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10,053","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074702","article-title":"Quantifying CO2 Emissions from Individual Power Plants from Space","volume":"44","author":"Nassar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112314","article-title":"Urban-focused satellite CO2 observations from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3: A first look at the Los Angeles megacity","volume":"258","author":"Kiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9371","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-9371-2019","article-title":"Towards monitoring localized CO2 emissions from space: Co-located regional CO2 and NO2 enhancements observed by the OCO-2 and S5P satellites","volume":"19","author":"Reuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5673","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-5673-2018","article-title":"Quantifying methane point sources from fine-scale satellite observations of atmospheric methane plumes","volume":"11","author":"Varon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"100110","article-title":"Analyzing nitrogen oxides to carbon dioxide emission ratios from space: A case study of Matimba Power Station in South Africa","volume":"10","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. X"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-5033-2020","article-title":"Quality controls, bias, and seasonality of CO2 columns in the boreal forest with Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2, Total Carbon Column Observing Network, and EM27\/SUN measurements","volume":"13","author":"Jacobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2700\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:28:05Z","timestamp":1760164085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13142700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13142700","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]]}}}