{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T22:01:15Z","timestamp":1766181675288,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0205"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["lzujbky-2021-kb12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzujbky-2021-kb12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaciers located in the Qilian Mountains are rapidly retreating and thinning due to climate change. The current understanding of small glacier mass balance changes under a changing climate is limited by the scarcity of in situ measurements in both time and space as well as the resolution of remote sensing products. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an unparalleled opportunity to track the spatiotemporal variations in glacier extent at a high resolution and the changing glacier morphological features related to glacial dynamics. Five measurements were performed on the Ningchan No. 1 (NC01) glacier in the Qilian Mountains between 18 August 2017 and 13 August 2020. The glacier changes displayed in the digital orthophoto maps (DOMs) and digital surface models (DSMs) show a 7.4 \u00b1 0.1 m a\u22121 retreat of the terminus of NC01, a mass balance of \u22121.22 \u00b1 0.1 m w.e. a\u22121 from 2017 to 2020, and a maximum surface velocity of 3.2 \u00b1 0.47 m from 18 August 2017 to 26 August 2018, which clearly show consistency with stake measurements. The surface elevation change was influenced by the combined effects of air temperature, altitude, slope, and surface velocity. This research demonstrates that UAV photogrammetry can greatly improve the temporal and spatial resolution of glaciological research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:37Z","timestamp":1626126997000},"page":"2735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["High-Resolution Monitoring of Glacier Mass Balance and Dynamics with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles on the Ningchan No. 1 Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (MOE), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Shiyang River Basin Scientific Observing Station, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety (CIWES), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijin","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (MOE), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Shiyang River Basin Scientific Observing Station, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (MOE), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baotian","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (MOE), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Shiyang River Basin Scientific Observing Station, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Western China\u2019s Environmental Systems (MOE), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013, The Physical Science Basis, Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO\/UNEP, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183188","article-title":"Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers","volume":"328","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1896","article-title":"Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds","volume":"6","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1240-1","article-title":"Asia\u2019s shrinking glaciers protect large populations from drought stress","volume":"569","author":"Pritchard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215828","article-title":"The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers","volume":"336","author":"Bolch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1450","article-title":"Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century","volume":"5","author":"Gardelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11324","article-title":"Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas","volume":"488","author":"Berthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2999","article-title":"A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016","volume":"10","author":"Brun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1105-2015","article-title":"Modelling glacier change in the Everest region, Nepal Himalaya","volume":"9","author":"Shea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2019.22","article-title":"GlacierMIP\u2013A model intercomparison of global-scale glacier mass-balance models and projections","volume":"65","author":"Hock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.043","article-title":"The glaciers climate change initiative: Methods for creating glacier area, elevation change and velocity products","volume":"162","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-6-763-2012","article-title":"Significant contribution to total mass from very small glaciers","volume":"6","author":"Bahr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"37","article-title":"Methoden und M\u00f6glichkeiten von Massenhaushaltsstudien auf Gletschern","volume":"6","author":"Hoinkes","year":"1970","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Gletsch. Und Glazialgeol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.09.014","article-title":"Glacier mass changes in Rongbuk catchment on Mt. Qomolangma from 1974 to 2006 based on topographic maps and ALOS PRISM data","volume":"530","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1177\/030913330102500404","article-title":"Applications of remote sensing, GIS and GPS in glaciology: A review","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.888937","article-title":"Automatic and Precise Orthorectification, Coregistration, and Subpixel Correlation of Satellite Images, Application to Ground Deformation Measurements","volume":"45","author":"Leprince","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bash, E., Moorman, B., and Gunther, A. (2018). Detecting Short-Term Surface Melt on an Arctic Glacier Using UAV Surveys. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101547"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0119tlicki, M., Szi\u0142o, J., MacDonell, S., Vivero, S., and Bialik, R.J. (2017). Recent Deceleration of the Ice Elevation Change of Ecology Glacier (King George Island, Antarctica). Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060520"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Li, Z., Wang, F., and Mu, J. (2021). Spatio-Temporal Changes of Mass Balance in the Ablation Area of the Muz Taw Glacier, Sawir Mountains, from Multi-Temporal Terrestrial Geodetic Surveys. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081465"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2845342","article-title":"Subglacial Topography of an Icefall Inferred From Repeated Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"15","author":"Petlicki","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podg\u00f3rski, J., and P\u0119tlicki, M. (2020). Detailed Lacustrine Calving Iceberg Inventory from Very High Resolution Optical Imagery and Object-Based Image Analysis. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111807"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3189\/172756505781829124","article-title":"An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model including the shortwave radiation balance: Development and testing for Haut Glacier d\u2019Arolla, Switzerland","volume":"51","author":"Pellicciotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2021.107620","article-title":"Applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys and Structure from Motion photogrammetry in glacial and periglacial geomorphology","volume":"378","author":"Ewertowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.05.018","article-title":"Glacier-surface velocities in alpine terrain from optical satellite imagery\u2014Accuracy improvement and quality assessment","volume":"112","author":"Scherler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-209-2014","article-title":"Brief Communication: Further summer speedup of Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6","volume":"8","author":"Joughin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013","article-title":"Unmanned aerial systems for photogrammetry and remote sensing: A review","volume":"92","author":"Colomina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.07.015","article-title":"Glacial geomorphological mapping: A review of approaches and frameworks for best practice","volume":"185","author":"Chandler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.12.029","article-title":"UAVs as remote sensing platform in glaciology: Present applications and future prospects","volume":"175","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.025","article-title":"High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"150","author":"Immerzeel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.09.013","article-title":"Object-based analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier","volume":"186","author":"Kraaijenbrink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-1-2015","article-title":"UAV photogrammetry and structure from motion to assess calving dynamics at Store Glacier, a large outlet draining the Greenland ice sheet","volume":"9","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-Motion\u2019 photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-2463-2017","article-title":"Monitoring tropical debris-covered glacier dynamics from high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle photogrammetry, Cordillera Blanca, Peru","volume":"11","author":"Wigmore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.12.039","article-title":"Rapid melting dynamics of an alpine glacier with repeated UAV photogrammetry","volume":"304","author":"Rossini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-18-1055-2018","article-title":"Combination of UAV and terrestrial photogrammetry to assess rapid glacier evolution and map glacier hazards","volume":"18","author":"Fugazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.10.003","article-title":"Unmanned Aerial Systems and DSM matching for rock glacier monitoring","volume":"127","author":"Forlani","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., Jing, Z., Kang, S., He, X., and Li, C. (2021). Combining UAV and Landsat data to assess glacier changes on the central Tibetan Plateau. J. Glaciol., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2021.37"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2020.107192","article-title":"The glacial landsystem of Fjallsj\u00f6kull, Iceland: Spatial and temporal evolution of process-form regimes at an active temperate glacier","volume":"361","author":"Chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3189\/002214310791968566","article-title":"Changes in the elevation and extent of two glaciers along the Yanglonghe river, Qilian Shan, China","volume":"56","author":"Shangguan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3189\/2012JoG12J032","article-title":"Glacier variations in response to climate change from 1972 to 2007 in the western Lenglongling mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"58","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2017.70","article-title":"Changes in ice volume of the Ningchan No.1 Glacier, China, from 1972 to 2014, as derived from in situ measurements","volume":"63","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-016-4064-6","article-title":"An investigation on changes in glacier mass balance and hypsometry for a small mountainous glacier in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.124010","article-title":"Changes in glacier mass in the Lenglongling Mountains from 1972 to 2016 based on remote sensing data and modeling","volume":"578","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3189\/2014AoG66A045","article-title":"Climate change and glacier area shrinkage in the Qilian mountains, China, from 1956 to 2010","volume":"55","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Liu, C., You, G., Pu, J., Yang, H., and Tian, P. (1981). Glacier Inventory of China I Qilian Mountains, Science Press Academia Sinica, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yqres.2014.01.011","article-title":"Changes in the glacier extent and surface elevation along the Ningchan and Shuiguan river source, eastern Qilian Mountains, China","volume":"81","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2016). Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual: Professional Edition, Version 1.2, Agisoft LLC."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.399","article-title":"Taking computer vision aloft\u2013archaeological three-dimensional reconstructions from aerial photographs with photoscan","volume":"18","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3189\/2016AoG71A072","article-title":"Seasonal surface velocities of a Himalayan glacier derived by automated correlation of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery","volume":"57","author":"Kraaijenbrink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.020","article-title":"Heterogeneous mass loss of glaciers in the Aksu-Tarim Catchment (Central Tien Shan) revealed by 1976 KH-9 Hexagon and 2009 SPOT-5 stereo imagery","volume":"130","author":"Pieczonka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-5-271-2011","article-title":"Co-registration and bias corrections of satellite elevation data sets for quantifying glacier thickness change","volume":"5","author":"Nuth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.017","article-title":"Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India)","volume":"108","author":"Berthier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-703-2015","article-title":"Mass changes of Southern and Northern Inylchek Glacier, Central Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan, during~1975 and 2007 derived from remote sensing data","volume":"9","author":"Shangguan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1263-2013","article-title":"Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999\u20132011","volume":"7","author":"Gardelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3189\/2013AoG63A296","article-title":"On the accuracy of glacier outlines derived from remote-sensing data","volume":"54","author":"Paul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"\u00d8strem, G., and Brugman, M. (1991). Glacier Mass-Balance Measurements: A Manual for Field and Office Work. NHRI Science Report 4, Environment Canada National Hydrology Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1769-2013","article-title":"Seasonal and annual mass balances of Mera and Pokalde glaciers (Nepal Himalaya) since 2007","volume":"7","author":"Wagnon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Cuffey, K.M., and Paterson, W.S.B. (2010). The Physics of Glaciers, Academic Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Benn, D.I., and Evans, D. (2010). Glaciers and Glaciation, Hodder-Arnold. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-7-1227-2013","article-title":"Reanalysing glacier mass balance measurement series","volume":"7","author":"Zemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-11-133-2017","article-title":"Brief communication: Thinning of debris-covered and debris-free glaciers in a warming climate","volume":"11","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0271-9","article-title":"Twenty-first century glacier slowdown driven by mass loss in High Mountain Asia","volume":"12","author":"Dehecq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-3439-2018","article-title":"Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya","volume":"12","author":"Brun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3189\/172756506781828836","article-title":"Five decades of shrinkage of July 1st glacier, Qilian Shan, China","volume":"52","author":"Sakai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Surface flow velocities of the Ningchanhe No. 1 and Shuiguanhe No. 4 glacier in the East Qilian Mountains","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1580","article-title":"Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings","volume":"2","author":"Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.02.003","article-title":"Early 21st century glacier thickness changes in the Central Tien Shan","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2017.86","article-title":"Review of the status and mass changes of Himalayan-Karakoram glaciers","volume":"64","author":"Azam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1017\/jog.2019.20","article-title":"Glacier mass balance over the central Nyainqentanglha Range during recent decades derived from remote-sensing data","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glaciol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:29:18Z","timestamp":1760164158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13142735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13142735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]}}}