{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:50:11Z","timestamp":1780473011280,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K0342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K0342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC18K1693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC18K1693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The analysis of historical disaster events is a critical step towards understanding current risk levels and changes in disaster risk over time. Disaster databases are potentially useful tools for exploring trends, however, criteria for inclusion of events and for associated descriptive characteristics is not standardized. For example, some databases include only primary disaster types, such as \u2018flood\u2019, while others include subtypes, such as \u2018coastal flood\u2019 and \u2018flash flood\u2019. Here we outline a method to identify candidate events for assignment of a specific disaster subtype\u2014namely, \u2018flash floods\u2019\u2014from the corresponding primary disaster type\u2014namely, \u2018flood\u2019. Geophysical data, including variables derived from remote sensing, are integrated to develop an enhanced flash flood confidence index, consisting of both a flash flood confidence index based on text mining of disaster reports and a flash flood susceptibility index from remote sensing derived geophysical data. This method was applied to a historical flood event dataset covering Ecuador. Results indicate the potential value of disaggregating events labeled as a primary disaster type into events of a particular subtype. The outputs are potentially useful for disaster risk reduction and vulnerability assessment if appropriately evaluated for fitness of use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:13:42Z","timestamp":1626257622000},"page":"2764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Development of a Flash Flood Confidence Index from Disaster Reports and Geophysical Susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Kruczkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA"},{"name":"Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, 2953 The Hague, HT, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, 7514 Enschede, AE, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agathe","family":"Bucherie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Risk Department, Ecuadorian Red Cross (CRE), Quito 170403, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolynne","family":"Hultquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS), The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), Norman, OK 73072, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9204-5908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Bazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, 2953 The Hague, HT, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Peru (UTP), Lima 15046, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8875-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"de Sherbinin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., and Dahe, Q. 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