{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:58:50Z","timestamp":1783339130733,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017437","name":"NASA Headquarters","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC20K0129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20K0129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017437","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017437","name":"NASA Headquarters","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC21K0910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC21K0910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017437","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies indicate that the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite provides valuable information about ocean phytoplankton distributions. CALIOP\u2019s attenuated backscatter coefficients, measured at 532 nm in receiver channels oriented parallel and perpendicular to the laser\u2019s linear polarization plane, are significantly improved in the Version 4 data product. However, due to non-ideal instrument effects, a small fraction of the backscattered optical power polarized parallel to the receiver polarization reference plane is misdirected into the perpendicular channel, and vice versa. This effect, known as polarization crosstalk, typically causes the measured perpendicular signal to be higher than its true value and the measured parallel signal to be lower than its true value. Therefore, the ocean optical properties derived directly from CALIOP\u2019s measured signals will be biased if the polarization crosstalk effect is not taken into account. This paper presents methods that can be used to estimate the CALIOP crosstalk effects from on-orbit measurements. The global ocean depolarization ratios calculated both before and after removing the crosstalk effects are compared. Using CALIOP crosstalk-corrected signals is highly recommended for all ocean subsurface studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:13:42Z","timestamp":1626257622000},"page":"2769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Global Ocean Studies from CALIOP\/CALIPSO by Removing Polarization Crosstalk Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6788-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA"},{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Baize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Rodier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA"},{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayanta","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA"},{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Getzewich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Lucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA"},{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Trepte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3364-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Hostetler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Winker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1223.1","article-title":"CALIPSO Lidar Description and Performance Assessment","volume":"26","author":"Hunt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1281.1","article-title":"Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP Data Processing Algorithms","volume":"26","author":"Winker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS3009.1","article-title":"The CALIPSO Mission: A Global 3D View of Aerosols and Clouds","volume":"91","author":"Winker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1242.1","article-title":"CALIPSO Lidar Calibration Algorithms. Part I: Nighttime 532-Nm Parallel Channel and 532-Nm Perpendicular Channel","volume":"26","author":"Powell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50816","article-title":"Space-Based Lidar Measurements of Global Ocean Carbon Stocks","volume":"40","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., and Hu, Y. (2014, January 10). Estimation of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean from Space-Based Polarization Lidar Measurements. Proceedings of the SPIE Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2076612"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26989","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.397126","article-title":"In Situ Evaluation of Spaceborne CALIOP Lidar Measurements of the Upper-Ocean Particle Backscattering Coefficient","volume":"28","author":"Lacour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29001","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.029001","article-title":"Retrieval of Ocean Subsurface Particulate Backscattering Coefficient from Space-Borne CALIOP Lidar Measurements","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1796-9","article-title":"Global Satellite-Observed Daily Vertical Migrations of Ocean Animals","volume":"576","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL090909","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090909","article-title":"Particulate Backscattering in the Global Ocean: A Comparison of Independent Assessments","volume":"48","author":"Bisson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2861","article-title":"Annual Boom-Bust Cycles of Polar Phytoplankton Biomass Revealed by Space-Based Lidar","volume":"10","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111889","article-title":"Seasonal Distributions of Ocean Particulate Optical Properties from Spaceborne Lidar Measurements in Mediterranean and Black Sea","volume":"247","author":"Dionisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009970","article-title":"Ocean Subsurface Studies with the CALIPSO Spaceborne Lidar","volume":"119","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073457","article-title":"Subsurface Ocean Signals from an Orbiting Polarization Lidar","volume":"5","author":"Churnside","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-121916-063335","article-title":"Spaceborne Lidar in the Study of Marine Systems","volume":"10","author":"Hostetler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00251","article-title":"Going Beyond Standard Ocean Color Observations: Lidar and Polarimetry","volume":"6","author":"Jamet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C92","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.59.000C92","article-title":"Lidar Remote Sensing of the Aquatic Environment: Invited","volume":"59","author":"Churnside","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Chris, A.H., Liu, Z., Reagan, J., Vaughan, M., Winker, D., Osborn, M., Hunt, W., Powell, K., and Trepte, C. (2021, July 13). CALIOP Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document Calibration and Level 1 Data Products. Pc-Sci-201 Release 1.0, 2006, Available online: https:\/\/www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov\/resources\/pdfs\/PC-SCI-201v1.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Hu, Y., Yang, Y., Neumann, T.A., Omar, A., Baize, R., Vaughan, M., Rodier, S., Getzewich, B., and Trepte, C. (2021). New Ocean Subsurface Optical Properties from Space Lidars: CALIOP\/CALIPSO and ATLAS\/ICESat-2. Earth Space Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10506955.1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10881","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-10881-2018","article-title":"Polar Stratospheric Cloud Climatology Based on CALIPSO Spaceborne Lidar Measurements from 2006 to 2017","volume":"18","author":"Pitts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Vaughan, M., Pitts, M., Trepte, C., Winker, D., Detweiler, P., Garnier, A., Getzewich, B., Hunt, W., Lambeth, J., and Lee, K.-P. (2021, July 13). Cloud\u2014Aerosol LIDAR Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Data Management System Data Products Catalog. Document No: PC-SCI-503, 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov\/products\/CALIPSO_DPC_Rev4x92.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-1459-2018","article-title":"CALIPSO Lidar Calibration at 532\u2009Nm: Version 4 Nighttime Algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Kar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6309","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6309-2018","article-title":"CALIPSO Lidar Calibration at 532\u2009Nm: Version 4 Daytime Algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Getzewich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015162","article-title":"Transport and Evolution of the 2009 Australian Black Saturday Bushfire Smoke in the Lower Stratosphere Observed by OSIRIS on Odin","volume":"116","author":"Siddaway","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-020-00022-5","article-title":"The 2019\/20 Australian Wildfires Generated a Persistent Smoke-Charged Vortex Rising up to 35\u2009km Altitude","volume":"1","author":"Khaykin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-018-0039-3","article-title":"Wildfire-Driven Thunderstorms Cause a Volcano-like Stratospheric Injection of Smoke","volume":"1","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Clim. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian, K., Yorks, J., and Das, S. (2020). Differences in the Evolution of Pyrocumulonimbus and Volcanic Stratospheric Plumes as Observed by CATS and CALIOP Space-Based Lidars. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11101035"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-3593-2008","article-title":"Sea Surface Wind Speed Estimation from Space-Based Lidar Measurements","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Hu, Y., Liu, Z., Zeng, S., and Trepte, C. (2013, January 27). CALIOP Receiver Transient Response Study. Proceedings of the SPIE 8873, Polarization Science and Remote Sensing VI, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2033589"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2256876","article-title":"A Super-Resolution Laser Altimetry Concept","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6811","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.006811","article-title":"Angular Shape of the Oceanic Particulate Volume Scattering Function in the Backward Direction","volume":"48","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5425.239","article-title":"Estimation of Particulate Organic Carbon in the Ocean from Satellite Remote Sensing","volume":"285","author":"Stramski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GB002299","article-title":"Carbon-Based Ocean Productivity and Phytoplankton Physiology from Space","volume":"19","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111827","article-title":"Antarctic Spring Ice-Edge Blooms Observed from Space by ICESat-2","volume":"245","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2769\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:30:38Z","timestamp":1760164238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13142769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13142769","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0226.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]}}}