{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:50:41Z","timestamp":1767084641005,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2.4532.09","F.4508.11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.4532.09","F.4508.11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present research developed a novel methodological framework to differentiate natural mangrove stands (i.e., original), from stands which were planted and stands naturally established after interaction between planted and non-planted stands (e.g., through pollination, i.e., non-original). Ground-truth and remote sensing data were collected for Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve (ZMNNR) in P.R. China. First, satellite images of Corona (1967) and GeoEye-1 (2009) were overlaid to identify original (1967) and non-original (2009) mangrove stands. Second, in both stands a total of 75 in situ plots (25 m2) were measured for ground-truthing of tree structural parameters including height, density, basal area and Complexity Index (CI). From temporal satellite data, we identify 236.12 ha of original mangrove and 567.88 ha of non-original mangrove in the reserve. Averaged measurements of the original mangrove stands, i.e., stem density (1164 nos. 0.1 ha\u22121), basal area (90.3 m2 0.1 ha\u22121) and CI (100.59), indicated that they were in a state of maturity and less disturbed compared to the non-original mangroves (density, 1241 nos. 0.1 ha\u22121; basal area, 4.92 m2 0.1 ha\u22121 and CI, 55.65). The Kruskal\u2013Wallis test showed significant differentiation between the original and non-original mangrove tree structural parameters: Kandelia obovata\u2019s density, X2 = 34.78, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001; basal area, X2 = 108.15, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001; Rizhopora stylosa\u2019s density, X2 = 64.03, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001; basal area, X2 = 117.96, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001. The latter is also evident from the clustering plots generated from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Vegetation dynamics at the ZMNNR also enabled us to compare the species composition and distribution patterns with other Indo-West Pacific regions. Overall, the present study not only highlights the advantage of &gt;50 years old satellite data but also provide a benchmark for future ecological research, conservation and management of the ZMNNR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1626341527000},"page":"2781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Distinguishing Original and Non-Original Stands at the Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve (P.R. China): Remote Sensing and GIS for Conservation and Ecological Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Durango-Cordero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for the Territory and Sustainable Habitat, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica, Machalay Sabanilla, Quito 170301, Ecuador"},{"name":"Facultad de Arquitectura, Artes y Dise\u00f1o, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Indoam\u00e9rica, Av. Manuela S\u00e1enz y Agramonte, Ambato 180212, Ecuador"},{"name":"Ecology & Biodiversity, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel\u2014VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Behara","family":"Satyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mangrove Research Unit (MARU), Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu\u2014UMT, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles-ULB, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, CPi 264\/1, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3741-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Cheung-Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Informatics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel\u2014VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Bogaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity and Landscape Unit, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge, Gembloux Agro Bio Tech, Passage des D\u00e9port\u00e9s 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5906-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Dahdouh-Guebas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology & Biodiversity, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel\u2014VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles-ULB, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, CPi 264\/1, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"901","article-title":"Public Perceptions of Mangrove Forests Matter for Their Conservation","volume":"7","author":"Ajonina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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