{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:10:56Z","timestamp":1760235056681,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DZP\/BIOSTRATEG-II\/390\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZP\/BIOSTRATEG-II\/390\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The succession process of trees and shrubs is considered as one of the threats to non-forest Natura 2000 habitats. Poland, as a member of the European Union, is obliged to monitor these habitats and preserve them in the best possible condition. If threats are identified, it is necessary to take action\u2014as part of the so-called active protection\u2014that will ensure the preservation of habitats in a non-deteriorated condition. At present, monitoring of Natura 2000 habitats is carried out in expert terms, i.e., the habitat conservation status is determined during field visits. This process is time- and cost-intensive, and it is subject to the subjectivism of the person performing the assessment. As a result of the research, a methodology for the identification and monitoring of the succession process in non-forest Natura 2000 habitats was developed, in which multi-sensor remote sensing data are used\u2014airborne laser scanner (ALS) and hyperspectral (HS) data. The methodology also includes steps required to analyse the dynamics of the succession process in the past, which is done using archival photogrammetric data (aerial photographs and ALS data). The algorithms implemented within the methodology include structure from motion and dense image matching for processing the archival images, segmentation and Voronoi tessellation for delineating the spatial extent of succession, machine learning random forest classifier, recursive feature elimination and t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding algorithms for succession species differentiation, as well as landscape metrics used for threat level analysis. The proposed methodology has been automated and enables a rapid assessment of the level of threat for a whole given area, as well as in relation to individual Natura 2000 habitats. The prepared methodology was successfully tested on seven research areas located in Poland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,18]],"date-time":"2021-07-18T21:18:52Z","timestamp":1626643132000},"page":"2803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Methodology for Identifying Secondary Succession in Non-Forest Natura 2000 Habitats Using Multi-Source Airborne Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2602-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Radecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2103-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Michalska-Hejduk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Charyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7137-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Baku\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Pi\u00f3rkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3z, W. (2010). Monitoring Siedlisk Przyrodniczych. Przewodnik Metodyczny. Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 I [Natura 2000 Habitat Monitoring. Methodical Guide. Part I], Biblioteka Monitoringu \u015arodowiska, GIO\u015a."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9359-7","article-title":"A review and a framework for the integration of biodiversity monitoring at the habitat level","volume":"17","author":"Lengyel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9395-3","article-title":"Habitat monitoring in Europe: A description of current practices","volume":"17","author":"Lengyel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3897\/natureconservation.29.27273","article-title":"Current status of habitat monitoring in the European Union according to Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, with an emphasis on habitat structure and functions on Germany","volume":"29","author":"Ellwanger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"66","article-title":"Interpretacja i ocena stanu siedlisk\u2013do\u015bwiadczenia transgraniczne na przyk\u0142adzie Dolnej Odry (Interpretation and assessment of habitats\u2013cross-border experience in Lower Odra Valley)","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Przyr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"35","article-title":"Vegetation differentiation and secondary succession on abandoned agricultural large-areas in south-eastern Poland","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biodiv. Res. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics in temperate lowland primeval forest. Ecological studies in Bia\u0142owie\u017ca forest","volume":"8","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geobotany"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02233.x","article-title":"Plant functional trait responses to grassland succession over 25 years","volume":"15","author":"Kahmen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2009.02.003","article-title":"Secondary succession in a fallow central European wet grassland","volume":"205","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Flora"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2009.10.010","article-title":"Abandonment and intensified use of agricultural land decrease habitats of rare herbs in semi-natural grasslands","volume":"135","author":"Uematsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"375","article-title":"Udzia\u0142 traw w sukcesji wt\u00f3rnej na niekoszonej \u0142\u0105ce gr\u0105dowej w Puszczy Bia\u0142owieskiej [Share of grasses in secondary succession on unmown meadow in Bia\u0142owie\u017ca]","volume":"18","author":"Adamowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forest. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Polonica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2008.01.002","article-title":"Changes over three decades in the floristic composition of fertile permanent grasslands in the Swiss Alps","volume":"125","author":"Peter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"351","article-title":"Assessment of biodiversity in Molinia Meadows in Kampinoski National Park based on biocenotic indicators","volume":"19","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"37","article-title":"Vegetation in abandoned meadows in central Poland: Pilsia valley","volume":"14","author":"Kucharski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Study. Acta Sci. Pol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0305-0270.2003.00994.x","article-title":"Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity\/diversity: The importance of keystone structures","volume":"31","author":"Tews","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.06.023","article-title":"Succession and management of tropical dry forests in the Americas: Review and new perspectives","volume":"258","author":"Quesada","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4322\/natcon.00802009","article-title":"Successional and Seasonal Changes in a Community of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in a Brazilian Tropical Dry Forest","volume":"8","author":"Neves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Glenn\u2013Lewin, D.C., Peet, R.K., and Veblen, T.T. (1992). Plant Succession. Theory and Prediction, Chapman & Hall."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"467","article-title":"Plant population processes in the course of forest succession in abandoned meadows. II. Demography and succession promotors","volume":"58","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Soc. Bot. Pol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Reyes, U.J., Ni\u00f1o-Maldonado, S., Barrientos-Lozano, L., and Trevi\u00f1o-Carre\u00f3n, J. (2017). Assessment of land use-cover changes and successional stages of vegetation in the natural protected area Altas Cumbres, Northeastern Mexico, using Landsat satellite imagery. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9070712"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Karczewski, A., and Zwoli\u0144ski, Z. (2001). Ocena wp\u0142ywu struktury krajobrazu na bilans cieplny i wodny zlewni wraz z okre\u015bleniem jej modyfikuj\u0105cej roli dla efekt\u00f3w zmian klimatycznych. Funkcjonowanie Geoekosystem\u00f3w w Zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanych Warunkach Morfoklimatycznych\u2014Monitoring. Ochrona. Edukacja, Stowarzyszenie Geomorfolog\u00f3w Polskich."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"43","article-title":"Przemiany ro\u015blinno\u015bci kserotermicznej w czasie 20\u2212letniej sukcesji wt\u00f3rnej na powierzchni badawczej \u201cGrodzisko\u201d w Ojcowskim Parku Narodowym","volume":"2","author":"Michalik","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pr\u0105dnik. Prace Muz. Szafera"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2010.01076.x","article-title":"Rate of succession in restored wetlands and the role of site context","volume":"13","author":"Matthews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"63","article-title":"Purple-moor grass meadows (alliance Molinion caeruleae Koch 1926) in the eastern part of Silesia Upland: Phytosociological diversity and aspects of protection","volume":"65","author":"Suder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"25","article-title":"Grassland habitat mapping by intra-annual time series analysis\u2014Comparison of RapidEye and TerraSAR-X satellite data","volume":"34","author":"Schuster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aecr.2017.12.002","article-title":"Mapping mediterranean wetlands with remote sensing: A good-looking map is not always a good map","volume":"58","author":"Perennou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdianpari, M., Salehi, B., Mohammadimanesh, F., Homayouni, S., and Gill, E. (2019). The first wetland inventory map of Newfoundland at a spatial resolution of 10 m using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data on the Google Earth engine cloud computing platform. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010043"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.3390\/s90604869","article-title":"Applications of remote sensing to alien invasive plant studies","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"185","article-title":"Mapping invasive Fallopia japonica by combined spectral. spatial. and temporal analysis of digital orthophotos","volume":"19","author":"Dorigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-013-0578-9","article-title":"Remote detection of invasive plants: A review of spectral, textural and phenological approaches","volume":"16","author":"Bradley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcinkowska-Ochtyra, A., Jaroci\u0144ska, A., Bzd\u0119ga, K., and Tokarska-Guzik, B. (2018). Classification of expansive grassland species in different growth stages based on hyperspectral and LiDAR data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122019"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-020-09719-y","article-title":"Application of airborne hyperspectral data for mapping of invasive alien Spiraea tomentosa L.: A serious threat to peat bog plant communities","volume":"28","author":"Niedzielko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wet. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzialetti, F., Cascone, S., Frate, L., Di Febbraro, M., Acosta, A.T.R., and Carranza, M.L. (2021). Measuring Alpha and Beta Diversity by Field and Remote-Sensing Data: A Challenge for Coastal Dunes Biodiversity Monitoring. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101928"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021605","article-title":"Monitoring wetlands ecosystems using ALOS PALSAR (L-Band, HV) supplemented by optical data: A case study of Biebrza Wetlands in northeast Poland","volume":"6","author":"Budzynska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabrowska-Zielinska, K., Musial, J., Malinska, A., Budzynska, M., Gurdak, R., Kiryla, W., Bartold, M., and Grzybowski, P. (2018). Soil moisture in the Biebrza Wetlands retrieved from Sentinel-1 imagery. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201810.0453.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ci\u0119\u017ckowski, W., Szporak-Wasilewska, S., Kleniewska, M., J\u00f3\u017awiak, J., Gnatowski, T., D\u0105browski, P., G\u00f3raj, M., Szaty\u0142owicz, J., Ignar, S., and Chorma\u0144ski, J. (2020). Remotely Sensed Land Surface Temperature-Based Water Stress Index for Wetland Habitats. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040631"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1999.10874746","article-title":"Detection of peatland vegetation types using digitized aerial photographs","volume":"25","author":"Holopainen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"121","article-title":"Use of historic aerial photography to study vegetation change in the Negrito Creek watershed, southwestern New Mexico","volume":"44","author":"Miller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Southwest. Nat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc76903-6","article-title":"Application of large- and medium-scale aerial photographs to forest vegetation management: A case study","volume":"76","author":"Pitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"143","article-title":"Zastosowanie zdj\u0119\u0107 lotniczych do badania sukcesji wt\u00f3rnej na polanach \u015br\u00f3dle\u015bnych","volume":"32","author":"Ligocki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Teledetekcja Sr."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Batistella, M., and Lu, D. (2002, January 8\u201312). Integrating field data and remote sensing to identify secondary succession stages in the Amazon. Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Buenos Aires, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580701217620","article-title":"Monitoring peatland vegetation by means of digitized aerial photographs","volume":"22","author":"Jauhiainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"127","article-title":"The implementation of GIS and remote sensing to analysis of shrub succession in the Narew National Park","volume":"I","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Geomat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3112\/erdkunde.2010.03.03","article-title":"Vegetation succession over an area of a medieval ecological disaster. The case of the B\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w Desert. Poland","volume":"64","author":"Rahmonov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Erkunde"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.08.013","article-title":"Land cover changes and forest succession trends in a site of Natura 2000 network (Elatia forest), in northern Greece","volume":"285","author":"Oikonomakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"5","article-title":"Monitoring the secondary forest succession and land cover\/use changes of the B\u0142\u0229d\u00f3w Desert (Poland) using geospatial analyses","volume":"35","author":"Szostak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quaest. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2020.102345","article-title":"How to effectively use long-term remotely sensed data to analyze the process of tree and shrub encroachment into open protected wetlands","volume":"125","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmo, V., Tordoni, E., Petruzzellis, F., Bacaro, G., and Altobelli, A. (2021). Use of Sentinel-2 Satellite Data for Windthrows Monitoring and Delimiting: The Case of \u201cVaia\u201d Storm in Friuli Venezia Giulia Region (North-Eastern Italy). Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081530"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.01.003","article-title":"Characterizing forest succession with LIDAR data: An evaluation for the Inland Northwest, USA","volume":"113","author":"Falkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.01.012","article-title":"LIDAR remote sensing for secondary tropical dry forest identification","volume":"121","author":"Castillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2012.00904.x","article-title":"Quantifying tropical dry forest type and succession: Substantial improvement with LiDAR","volume":"45","author":"Martinuzzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8300","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708300","article-title":"Mapping secondary forest succession on abandoned agricultural land with LiDAR point clouds and terrestrial photography","volume":"7","author":"Kolecka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.04.035","article-title":"Object-based multi-sensor habitat mapping of successional age classes for effective management of a 70-year secondary forest succession","volume":"99","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Chan, J.C.W., Spanhove, T., Ma, J., Borre, J.V., Paelinckx, D., and Canters, F. (July, January 29). Natura 2000 habitat identification and conservation status assessment with superresolution enhanced hyperspectral (CHRIS\/Proba) imagery. Proceedings of the GEOBIA 2010 Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis, Ghent, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mapping tropical dry forest succession with CHRIS\/PROBA hyperspectral images using nonparametric decision trees","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/22797254.2017.1412272","article-title":"Using of Sentinel-2 images for automation of the forest succession detection","volume":"51","author":"Szostak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4092661","article-title":"Tree species classification with random forest using very high spatial resolution 8-band WorldView-2 satellite data","volume":"4","author":"Immitzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"117","article-title":"Sukcesja ro\u015blinno\u015bci zaro\u015blowej na obszarze basenu \u015brodkowego Biebrza\u0144skiego Parku Narodowego","volume":"XL","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prace Instytutu Geodezji i Kartografii"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Je\u0142owicki, \u0141., Baku\u0142a, K., Michalska-Hejduk, D., Wylaz\u0142owska, J., and Kope\u0107, D. (2019). Analysis of using dense image matching techniques to study the process of secondary succession in non-forest Natura 2000 habitats. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080893"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2016.2606320","article-title":"Identification of successional stages and cover changes of tropical forest based on Digital Surface Model analysis","volume":"9","author":"Berveglieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Baku\u0142a, K., Je\u0142owicki, \u0141., and Podkowa, A. (2019). Using canopy height model obtained with dense image matching of archival photogrammetric datasets in area analysis of secondary succession. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11182182"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San Emeterio, J.L., and Mering, C. (2016). Granulometric analysis on remote sensing images: Application to mapping retrospective changes in the Sahelian Ligneous cover. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5100192"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Hu, B., Woods, M., and Brown, G. (2017). Characterizing forest succession stages for wildlife habitat assessment using multispectral airborne imagery. Forests, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/f8070234"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupidura, P., Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Lesisz, K., and Podkowa, A. (2019). The efficacy analysis of determining the wooded and shrubbed area in archival aerial imagery using texture analysis. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100450"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00224-3","article-title":"Estimation of tree heights and stand volume using an airborne LiDAR system","volume":"56","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"8899","article-title":"Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data","volume":"80","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.06.005","article-title":"Preformance of dense digital surface models based on image matching in the estimation of plot-level forest variables","volume":"83","author":"Nurminen","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.5589\/m13-046","article-title":"Airborne laser scanning and digital stereo imagery measures of forest structure: Comparative results and implications to forest mapping and inventory update","volume":"39","author":"Vastaranta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfr-2014-0297","article-title":"Using semi-global matching point clouds to estimate growing stock at the plot and stand levels: Application for a broadleaf-dominated forest in central Europe","volume":"45","author":"Stepper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.3390\/s8053020","article-title":"Seasonal effect on tree species classification in an urban environment using hyperspectral data, LiDAR, and an object-oriented approach","volume":"8","author":"Voss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003692040","article-title":"Segmented canonical discriminant analysis of in situ hyperspectral data for identifying 13 urban tree species","volume":"32","author":"Pu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2011.638989","article-title":"Classification of urban tree species using hyperspectral imagery","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061741","article-title":"Individual urban tree species classification using very high spatial resolution airborne multi-spectral imagery using longitudinal profiles","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.018","article-title":"Urban tree species mapping using hyperspectral and LIDAR data fusion","volume":"148","author":"Alonzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.08.010","article-title":"Mapping urban tree species using integrated airborne hyperspectral and LiDAR remote sensing data","volume":"200","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916480","article-title":"Fusion of hyperspectral and LIDAR remote sensing data for classification of complex forest areas","volume":"46","author":"Dalponte","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.013","article-title":"Tree species classification in the Southern Alps based on the fusion of very high geometrical resolution multispectral\/hyperspectral images and LiDAR data","volume":"123","author":"Dalponte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2013.793386","article-title":"Characterizing forest species composition using multiple remote sensing data sources and inventory approaches","volume":"28","author":"Dalponte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.08.013","article-title":"Review of studies on tree species classification from remotely sensed data","volume":"186","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, X., and Cao, L. (2017). Tree-species classification in subtropical forests using airborne hyperspectral and LiDAR data. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111180"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034502","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.13.034502","article-title":"Mapping secondary succession species in agricultural landscape with the use of hyperspectral and ALS data","volume":"13","author":"Radecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Radecka, A., Pi\u00f3rkowski, H., Michalska-Hejduk, D., Kope\u0107, D., Tokarska-Guzik, B., Ostrowski, W., Kania, A., and Niedzielko, J. (2019). Mapping succession on agricultural areas by means of remote sensing: Is the data acquisition time critical for species discrimination?. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222629"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2020, July 26). Laserdata GmbH. Available online: www.laserdata.atm."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor1355-007","article-title":"Use of LIDAR-based digital terrain model and single tree segmentation data for optimal forest skid trail network","volume":"8","author":"Sterenczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"IForest Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.78.1.75","article-title":"A New Method for Segmenting Individual Trees from the Lidar Point Cloud","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PE&RS"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.8.923","article-title":"Isolating Individual Trees in a Savanna Woodland using Small Footprint LIDAR data","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"PE&RS"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miltiadou, M., Warren, M.A., Grant, M., and Brown, M. (2015, January 11). Alignment of Hyperspectral Imagery and full-waveform LiDAR data for visualisation and classification purposes. Proceedings of the 36th International Symposium of Remote Sensing of the Environment, Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-1257-2015"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Biodiversity mapping via natura 2000 conservation status and EBV assessment using airborne laser scanning in alkali grasslands","volume":"41","author":"Zlinszky","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Baku\u0142a, K., Je\u0142owicki, \u0141., Michalska-Hejduk, D., Wylaz\u0142owska, J., and Kope\u0107, D. (2018, January 9\u201312). Using archival aerial photos in the assessment of secondary succession process. Proceedings of the 38th Annual EARSeL Symposium: Earth Observation Supporting Sustainability Research, Chania, Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"G\u00f3rski, K., Ostrowski, W., Kania, A., Ochtyra, A., Kope\u0107, D., Pilarska, M., Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., and S\u0142awik, \u0141. (2017, January 27\u201330). Influence of ALS point cloud classification on results of pixel-based non-forest species classification with ALS and hyperspectral data. Proceedings of the 37th EARSeL Symposium: Smart Future with Remote Sensing, Prague, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Radecka, A., Niedzielko, J., Kope\u0107, D., Michalska-Hejduk, D., Tokarska-Guzik, B., Kania, A., G\u00f3rski, K., Ostrowski, W., and S\u0142awik, \u0141. (2018, January 9\u201312). The Importance of Remote Sensing Data Spatial Resolution in Mapping Vegetation Succession Species on Non-forest Natura 2000 Protected Areas. Proceedings of the 38th EARSeL Symposium: Earth Observation Supporting Sustainability Research, Chania, Crete, Greece."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Radecka, A., Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Pi\u00f3rkowski, H., Kania, A., Ostrowski, W., G\u00f3rski, K., Niedzielko, J., S\u0142awik, \u0141., and Borzuchowski, J. (2018, January 26\u201329). The research into the critical botanical factors affecting the effectiveness of succession species mapping on the example of Wydmy Lucynowsko-Mostowieckie Natura 2000 protected area (PLH140013). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of Environment, Paphos, Cyprus."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Osi\u0144ska-Skotak, K., Radecka, A., Michalska-Hejduk, D., Kope\u0107, D., Wylaz\u0142owska, J., Kania, A., Ostrowski, W., Niedzielko, J., S\u0142awik, \u0141., and Borzuchowski, J. (2018, January 24\u201325). 218c. Wp\u0142yw okresu fenologicznego na skuteczno\u015b\u0107 klasyfikacji gatunk\u00f3w drzew i krzew\u00f3w. Proceedings of the XXIII Og\u00f3lnopolska Konferencja Fotointerpretacji i Teledetekcji, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/36.3001","article-title":"A transformation for ordering multispectral data in terms of image quality with implications for noise removal","volume":"26","author":"Green","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0142awik, \u0141., Niedzielko, J., Kania, A., Pi\u00f3rkowski, H., and Kope\u0107, D. (2019). Multiple flights or single flight instrument fusion of hyperspectral and ALS data? A comparison of their performance for vegetation mapping. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080970"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030762","article-title":"Forest delineation based on airborne LIDAR data","volume":"4","author":"Eysn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Mr\u00f3z, W. (2012). Monitoring Siedlisk Przyrodniczych. Przewodnik Metodyczny. Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 II [Natura 2000 Habitat Monitoring. Methodical Guide. Part II], Biblioteka Monitoringu \u015arodowiska, GIO\u015a."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"95","article-title":"Kierunki sukcesji wt\u00f3rnej w zbiorowiskach niele\u015bnych Kampinoskiego Parku Narodowego","volume":"4","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Warm. Masuriae"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012487302797","article-title":"Gene selection for cancer classification using support vector machines","volume":"46","author":"Guyon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Random forest","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing high-dimensional data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"Hinton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1013","article-title":"A fully automated procedure for delineation and classification of forest and non-forest vegetation based on full waveform laser scanner data","volume":"37","author":"Straub","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2009.01053.x","article-title":"Mapping tree species in temperate deciduous woodland using time-series multi-spectral data","volume":"13","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.7753","article-title":"A spectral analysis of 25 boreal tree species","volume":"51","author":"Hovi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.064","article-title":"Improved mapping of forest type using spectral-temporal Landsat features","volume":"210","author":"Pasquarella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabska, E., Hostert, P., Pflugmacher, D., and Ostapowicz, K. (2019). Forest stand species mapping using the Sentinel-2 time series. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11101197"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"891","article-title":"Delineating forest canopy species in the northeastern United States using multi-temporal TM imagery","volume":"64","author":"Mickelson","year":"1998","journal-title":"PE&RS"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00159-0","article-title":"A comparison of multispectral and multitemporal information in high spatial resolution imagery for classification of individual tree species in a temperate hardwood forest","volume":"75","author":"Key","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00324-8","article-title":"Phenological differences in Tasseled Cap indices improve deciduous forest classification","volume":"80","author":"Dymond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2016.07.018","article-title":"The use of airborne hyperspectral data for tree species classification in a species-rich Central European forest area","volume":"52","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho\u015bci\u0142o, A., and Lewandowska, A. (2019). Mapping forest type and tree species on a regional scale using multi-temporal Sentinel-2 Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080929"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2803\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:31:02Z","timestamp":1760164262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13142803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13142803","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]}}}