{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:12:52Z","timestamp":1772644372274,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Central Geological Survey (CGS), MOEA","award":["grant Project number: B10635, B10724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant Project number: B10635, B10724"]}]},{"name":"The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)","award":["grant MOST 110-2636-M-009-001 (the Young Scholar Fellowship Einstein Program)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant MOST 110-2636-M-009-001 (the Young Scholar Fellowship Einstein Program)"]}]},{"name":"The Academia Sinica","award":["grant AS-TP-109-M08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant AS-TP-109-M08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landslides have caused extensive infrastructure damage and caused human fatalities for centuries. Intense precipitation and large earthquakes are considered to be two major landslide triggers, particularly in the case of catastrophic landslides. The most widely accepted mechanistic explanation for landslides is the effective-stress dependent shear strength reduction due to increases in pore water pressure. The Chashan landslide site, selected for the present study, has been intensively studied from geological, geophysical, geodetic, geotechnical, hydrological, and seismological perspectives. Our seismic monitoring of daily relative velocity changes (dv\/v) indicated that landslide material decreases coincided with the first half of the rainy period and increased during the latter half of the rainy period. The geodetic surveys before and after the rainy period identified vertical subsidence without horizontal movement. The results from the multidisciplinary investigation enabled us to draw a conceptual model of the landslide recovery process induced by water loading. Where all sliding materials were stable (safety factor &gt; 1.0), unconsolidated landslide colluvium and impermeable sliding surfaces trapped the seepage water to form a water tank, provided that compact forces were acting on the materials below the sliding boundary. The vertical force of compaction facilitates an increase in the cohesion and strength of landslide materials, thereby increasing the landslide materials\u2019 stability. We demonstrated that the recovery process periodically occurs only under the combined conditions of prolonged and intense precipitation and the related stability conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T10:07:37Z","timestamp":1626689257000},"page":"2834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Rigidity Strengthening of Landslide Materials Measured by Seismic Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Keng-Hao","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"He Yu Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd., Taichung 80424, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Wei-An","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Disaster Prevention and Water Environment Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Che-Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chien","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Taipei 11494, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0021-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung-Cheng University, Chiayi County 621, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hsiang","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1408-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin-Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Prevention and Water Environment Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung 408, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Pin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Disaster Prevention and Water Environment Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Jong","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"},{"name":"Disaster Prevention and Water Environment Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1552-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jui-Ming","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yin-Jeh","family":"Ngui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hsin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Taipei 11494, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Tung-Lin","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Geological Survey, MOEA, Taipei 23568, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"The Rainfall Intensity: Duration Control of Shallow Landslides and Debris-Flows","volume":"62","author":"Caine","year":"1980","journal-title":"Geogr. 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