{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:11:22Z","timestamp":1760235082471,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we report high statistical evidence for a seismo\u2013ionosphere effects occurring in conjunction with an earthquake. This finding supports a lithosphere-magnetosphere coupling mechanism producing a plasma density variation along the magnetic field lines, mechanically produced by atmospheric acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) impinging the ionosphere. We have analysed a large sample of earthquakes (EQ) using ground magnetometers data: in 28 of 42 analysed case events, we detect a temporary stepwise decrease (\u0394f) of the magnetospheric field line resonance (FLR) eigenfrequency (f*). \u0394f decreases of \u223c5\u201325 mHz during \u223c20\u201335 min following the time of the EQ. We present an analytical model for f*, able to reproduce the behaviour observed during the EQ. Our work is in agreement with recent results confirming co-seismic direct coupling between lithosphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere opening the way to new remote sensing methods, from space\/ground, of the earth seismic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13142839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T21:39:15Z","timestamp":1626730755000},"page":"2839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["On the Geomagnetic Field Line Resonance Eigenfrequency Variations during Seismic Event"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-2944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko","family":"Piersanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-IAPS, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William Jerome","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive, Povo, 38122 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi (CREF), Via Panisperna, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3182-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Universit\u00e1 della Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci, Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5808-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Battiston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive, Povo, 38122 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, Povo, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Iuppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive, Povo, 38122 Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, Povo, 38122 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ubertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INAF-IAPS, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7824","DOI":"10.1029\/JB087iB09p07824","article-title":"Experimental measurement of electromagnetic emissions possibly related to earthquakes in Japan","volume":"87","author":"Gokhberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"On the seismic precursors within the ionosphere","volume":"10","author":"Gokhberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR Ser. Physics Earth"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"684","article-title":"Observation of VLF emission related with seismic activity on the Intercosmos-19 satellite","volume":"23","author":"Larkina","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysbps.2013.09.002","article-title":"First evidence for correlations between electron fluxes measured by NOAA-POES satellites and large seismic events","volume":"243\u2013244","author":"Battiston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2005.07.008","article-title":"Correlations between earthquakes and anomalous particle bursts from SAMPEX\/PET satellite observations","volume":"67","author":"Sgrigna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-6-745-2006","article-title":"Global diagnostics of the ionospheric perturbations related to the seismic activity using the VLF radio signals collected on the DEMETER satellite","volume":"6","author":"Molchanov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard Earth Sys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-36-1483-2018","article-title":"Electromagnetic field observations by the DEMETER satellite in connection with the L\u2019Aquila earthquake","volume":"36","author":"Bertello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"12","article-title":"About disturbances in F-region of ionosphere before strong earth-quakes","volume":"4","author":"Gokhberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Izvestiya Acad. Sci. USSR Ser. Physics Earth"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1029\/GL017i009p01465","article-title":"Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake","volume":"17","author":"Bernardi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"697","article-title":"Geomagnetic precursors of intense earthquakes in the spectrum of geomagnetic pulsations with frequencies of 1\u20130.02 Hz","volume":"24","author":"Gogatishvili","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"105","article-title":"Sudden diffusion of sporadic E-layers in the mid-latitude ionosphere during the earthquake preparation","volume":"7","author":"Kolokolov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Izvestiya RAN Earth Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23339","DOI":"10.1029\/94JA02072","article-title":"Statistical study of ELF\/VLF emissions recorded by a low-altitude satellite during seismic events","volume":"99","author":"Parrot","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL02775","article-title":"Electromagnetic ELF radiation from earthquakes regions as observed by low-altitude satellites","volume":"19","author":"Serebryakova","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2390","article-title":"Detection of earthquake influence on the ELF\/VLF emissions at the upper ionosphere","volume":"25","author":"Migulin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Preprint IZMIRAN"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, V., Piersanti, M., Materassi, M., Battiston, R., Lepreti, F., and Ubertini, P. (2021). A mathematical model of Lithosphere-Atmospherecoupling for seismic events. Sci. Rep. Nat.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88125-7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piersanti, M., Materassi, M., Battiston, R., Carbone, V., Cicone, A., D\u2019Angelo, G., Diego, P., and Ubertini, P. (2020). Magnetospheric\u2013Ionospheric\u2013Lithospheric Coupling Model. 1: Observations during the 5 August 2018 Bayan Earthquake. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12203299"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1029\/94JA00252","article-title":"Low latitude geomagnetic field line resonances: Experiment and modeling","volume":"99","author":"Waters","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15693","DOI":"10.1029\/93JA00644","article-title":"Alfven field line resonances at low latitudes (L = 1.5)","volume":"98","author":"Green","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24737","DOI":"10.1029\/96JA01083","article-title":"Variation of plasmatrough density derived from magnetospheric field line resonances","volume":"101","author":"Waters","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Matzka, J., Bronkalla, O., Tornow, K., Elger, K., and Stolle, C. (2021, July 16). Geomagnetic Kp index. V. 1.0. GFZ Data Services. Available online: https:\/\/dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de\/panmetaworks\/showshort.php?id=escidoc:5216888."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menk, F.W., and Waters, C.L. (2013). Magnetoseismology: Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Earth\u2019s Magnetosphere, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527652051"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7747","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JA900268","article-title":"Field line resonances and waveguide modes at low latitudes: 1. Observations","volume":"105","author":"Menk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vellante, M., Piersanti, M., and Pietropaolo, E. (2014). Comparison of equatorial plasma mass densities deduced from field line resonances observed at ground for dipole and IGRF models. J. Geophys. Res., 119.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JA019568"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, W.L., and Martinez, A.R. (2002). Computational Statistics Handbook with MATLAB, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420035636"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(01)00481-1","article-title":"Dispersive shear Alfv\u00e9n waves on model Tsyganenko magnetic field lines","volume":"28","author":"Rankin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vellante, M., Piersanti, M., Heilig, B., Reda, J., and Corpo, A.D. (2014, January 16\u201323). Magnetospheric plasma density inferred from field line resonances: Effects of using different magnetic field models. Proceedings of the 2014 XXXIth URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (URSI GASS), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/URSIGASS.2014.6929941"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA06p04589","article-title":"Alfven wave resonances in a realistic magnetospheric magnetic field geometry","volume":"86","author":"Singer","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-015-0228-9","article-title":"International Geomagnetic Reference Field: The 12th generation","volume":"67","author":"Finlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsyganenko, N.A. (2002). A model of the magnetosphere with a dawn-dusk asymmetry, 1, Mathematical structure. J. Geophys. Res., 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JA000219"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsyganenko, N.A. (2002). A model of the near magnetosphere with a dawn-dusk asymmetry, 2, Parameterization and fitting to observations. J. Geophys. Res., 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JA000220"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A34","DOI":"10.1051\/swsc\/2014030","article-title":"Remote sensing the plasmasphere, plasmapause, plumes and other features using ground-based magnetometers","volume":"4","author":"Menk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Space Weather Space Clim."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piersanti, M., Villante, U., Waters, C., and Coco, I. (2012). The 8 June 2000 ULF wave activity: A case study. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JA016857"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Hennermann, K. (2017, October 19). ERA5 Data Documentation. In Copernicus Knowledge Base. Available online: https:\/\/confluence.ecmwf.int\/display\/CKB\/ERA5+data+documentation."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9169(94)90097-3","article-title":"Variations of the gravity wave characteristics with height, season and latitude revealed by comparative observations","volume":"56","author":"Tsuda","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901005","article-title":"A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the GPS occultation data (GPS\/MET)","volume":"105","author":"Tsuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.-S., Asano, T., and Hayakawa, M. (2019). Abnormal gravity wave activity in the stratosphere prior to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 124.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JA026002"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2010.03.005","article-title":"Lithosphere\u2013atmosphere\u2013ionosphere coupling (LAIC) model\u2014An unified concept for earthquake precursors validation","volume":"41","author":"Pulinets","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"129","article-title":"Atmospheric gravity waves as a possible candidate for seismo-ionospheric perturbation","volume":"31","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Atmo. Electr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A09305","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JA015143","article-title":"A statistical study on the correlation between lower ionospheric perturbations as seen by subionospheric VLF\/LF propagation and earthquakes","volume":"115","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1996","article-title":"A review of atmospheric gravity waves and travelling ionospheric disturbances","volume":"14","author":"Hocke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006583101811","article-title":"The Earth\u2019s ionosphere: A wall-less plasma laboratory","volume":"18","author":"Stubbe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.3838","article-title":"Bifurcation in viscoelastic MHD: The Hartmann Number and the Reversed Field Pinch","volume":"85","author":"Cappello","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1029\/JA074i003p00778","article-title":"Standing Alfv\u00e9n waves in the magnetosphere","volume":"74","author":"Cummings","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:32:01Z","timestamp":1760164321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/14\/2839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13142839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13142839","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]}}}