{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:33:18Z","timestamp":1768415598403,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42074044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Talent Lifting Project of China Association for Science and Technology","award":["2019QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QNRC001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to the BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2), the BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) carried out a brand new integrity concept design and construction work, which defines and achieves the integrity functions for major civil open services (OS) signals such as B1C, B2a, and B1I. The integrity definition and calculation method of BDS-3 are introduced. The fault tree model for satellite signal-in-space (SIS) is used, to decompose and obtain the integrity risk bottom events. In response to the weakness in the space and ground segments of the system, a variety of integrity monitoring measures have been taken. On this basis, the design values for the new B1C\/B2a signal and the original B1I signal are proposed, which are 0.9 \u00d7 10\u22125 and 0.8 \u00d7 10\u22125, respectively. The hybrid alarming mechanism of BDS-3, which has both the ground alarming approach and the satellite alarming approach, is explained. At last, an integrity risk analysis and verification work were carried out using the operating data of the system in 2019. The results show that the actual operation of the system is consistent with the conceptual design, which satisfies the integrity performance promised by BDS-3 in the ICAO SAPRs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:35:31Z","timestamp":1626993331000},"page":"2860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and Performance Analysis of BDS-3 Integrity Concept"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yueling","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China"}]},{"given":"Gong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunication and Navigation, CAST, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunication Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Chonghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Blomenhofer, H., Ehret, W., and Blomenhofer, E. 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Available online: https:\/\/www.gsc-europa.eu\/news\/further-information-on-the-event-of-14th-december."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/2860\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:33:02Z","timestamp":1760164382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/2860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13152860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13152860","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]}}}