{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:33:48Z","timestamp":1774928028926,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["309216\/2018-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309216\/2018-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.461761\/2019-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.461761\/2019-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mapping habitats is essential to assist strategic decisions regarding the use and protection of coral reefs. Coupled with machine learning (ML) algorithms, remote sensing has allowed detailed mapping of reefs at meaningful scales. Here we integrated WorldView-3 and Landsat-8 imagery and ML techniques to produce a map of suitable habitats for the occurrence of a model species, the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis, in coral reefs located inside marine protected areas in Northeast Brazil. Conservation and management efforts in the region were also analyzed, integrating human use layers to the ecological seascape. Three ML techniques were applied: two to derive base layers, namely geographically weighted regressions for bathymetry and support vector machine classifier (SVM) for habitat mapping, and one to build the species distribution model (MaxEnt) for Millepora alcicornis, a conspicuous and important reef-building species in the area. Additionally, human use was mapped based on the presence of tourists and fishers. SVM yielded 15 benthic classes (e.g., seagrass, sand, coral), with an overall accuracy of 79%. Bathymetry and its derivative layers depicted the topographical complexity of the area. The Millepora alcicornis distribution model identified distance from the shore and depth as topographical factors limiting the settling and growth of coral colonies. The most important variables were ecological, showing the importance of maintaining high biodiversity in the ecosystem. The comparison of the habitat suitability model with species absence and human use maps indicated the impact of direct human activities as potential inhibitors of coral development. Results reinforce the importance of the establishment of no-take zones and other protective measures for maintaining local biodiversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,25]],"date-time":"2021-07-25T22:07:00Z","timestamp":1627250820000},"page":"2907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Coral Reef Mapping with Remote Sensing and Machine Learning: A Nurture and Nature Analysis in Marine Protected Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-2164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Brasil Louro","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-550, Pernambuco, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7277-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil Marcelo Reuss","family":"Strenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Oceanografia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Km 16, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Maida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-550, Pernambuco, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ana L\u00eddia Bertoldi","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Recifes Costeiros (IRCOS), Tamandar\u00e9 55578-000, Pernambuco, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Beatrice Padovani","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-550, Pernambuco, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02691","article-title":"Confronting the Coral Reef Crisis","volume":"429","author":"Bellwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittman, S.J., and Brown, K.A. 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