{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T23:55:57Z","timestamp":1775087757640,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.1\/18\/A\/165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.1\/18\/A\/165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study assessed the large-format airborne (UltraCam) and satellite (GeoEye1 and Pleiades1B) image-based digital surface model (DSM) performance for canopy height estimation in predominantly mature, closed-canopy Latvian hemiboreal forestland. The research performed the direct comparison of calculated image-based DSM models with canopy peaks heights extracted from reference LiDAR data. The study confirmed the tendency for canopy height underestimation for all satellite-based models. The obtained accuracy of the canopy height estimation GeoEye1-based models varied as follows: for a pine (\u22121.49 median error, 1.52 m normalised median absolute deviation (NMAD)), spruce (\u22120.94 median, 1.97 m NMAD), birch (\u22120.26 median, 1.96 m NMAD), and black alder (\u22120.31 median, 1.52 m NMAD). The canopy detection rates (completeness) using GeoEye1 stereo imagery varied from 98% (pine) to &gt;99% for spruce and deciduous tree species. This research has shown that determining the optimum base-to-height (B\/H) ratio is critical for canopy height estimation efficiency and completeness using image-based DSMs. This study found that stereo imagery with a B\/H ratio range of 0.2\u20130.3 (or convergence angle range 10\u201315\u00b0) is optimal for image-based DSMs in closed-canopy hemiboreal forest areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T12:18:31Z","timestamp":1627388311000},"page":"2941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of Base-to-Height Ratio on Canopy Height Estimation Accuracy of Hemiboreal Forest Tree Species by Using Satellite and Airborne Stereo Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Grigorijs","family":"Goldbergs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronics and Computer Science, 14 Dzerbenes St., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Young, R.A., and Giese, R.L. 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