{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:13:15Z","timestamp":1760235195317,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Junta de Andalucia with European Union funds for regional development","award":["RH2O-ARID (P18-RT-5130) project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RH2O-ARID (P18-RT-5130) project"]}]},{"name":"FEDER\/Science and Innovation Ministry-National Research Agency through the Spanish National Plan for Research and the European Union including European Funds for Regional Development","award":["REBIOARID (RTI2018-101921-B-I00)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REBIOARID (RTI2018-101921-B-I00)"]}]},{"name":"FPU predoctoral fellowship from the Educational, Culture and Sports Ministry of Spain","award":["FPU17\/01886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/01886"]}]},{"name":"EMERGIA program from the General Secretariat of Universities, Research and Technology of the Council of Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities.","award":["EMERGIA20_00337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMERGIA20_00337"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Mediterranean region is experiencing a stronger warming effect than other regions, which has generated a cascade of negative impacts on productivity, biodiversity, and stability of the ecosystem. To monitor ecosystem status and dynamics, aboveground biomass (AGB) is a good indicator, being a surrogate of many ecosystem functions and services and one of the main terrestrial carbon pools. Thus, accurate methodologies for AGB estimation are needed. This has been traditionally done by performing direct field measurements. However, field-based methods, such as biomass harvesting, are destructive, expensive, and time consuming and only provide punctual information, not being appropriate for large scale applications. Here, we propose a new non-destructive methodology for monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of AGB and green biomass (GB) of M. tenacissima L. plants by combining structural information obtained from terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) point clouds and spectral information. Our results demonstrate that the three volume measurement methods derived from the TLS point clouds tested (3D convex hull, voxel, and raster surface models) improved the results obtained by traditional field-based measurements. (Adjust-R2 = 0.86\u20130.84 and RMSE = 927.3\u2013960.2 g for AGB in OLS regressions and Adjust-R2 = 0.93 and RMSE = 376.6\u2013385.1 g for AGB in gradient boosting regression). Among the approaches, the voxel model at 5 cm of spatial resolution provided the best results; however, differences with the 3D convex hull and raster surface-based models were very small. We also found that by combining TLS AGB estimations with spectral information, green and dry biomass fraction can be accurately measured (Adjust-R2 = 0.65\u20130.56 and RMSE = 149.96\u2013166.87 g in OLS regressions and Adjust-R2 = 0.96\u20130.97 and RMSE = 46.1\u201349.8 g in gradient boosting regression), which is critical in heterogeneous Mediterranean ecosystems in which AGB largely varies in response to climatic fluctuations. Thus, our results represent important progress for the measurement of M. tenacissima L. biomass and dynamics, providing a promising tool for calibration and validation of further studies aimed at developing new methodologies for AGB estimation at ecosystem regional scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T21:21:04Z","timestamp":1627507264000},"page":"2970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Non-Destructive Biomass Estimation in Mediterranean Alpha Steppes: Improving Traditional Methods for Measuring Dry and Green Fractions by Combining Proximal Remote Sensing Tools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6427-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Colecciones Cient\u00edficas de la Universidad de Almer\u00eda (CECOUAL), 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-3214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Colecciones Cient\u00edficas de la Universidad de Almer\u00eda (CECOUAL), 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Maggioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Colecciones Cient\u00edficas de la Universidad de Almer\u00eda (CECOUAL), 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6848-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Cant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agronomy Department, University of Almer\u00eda, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n de Colecciones Cient\u00edficas de la Universidad de Almer\u00eda (CECOUAL), 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vashum, K., and Jayakumar, S. 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