{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T09:22:26Z","timestamp":1774084946165,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has developed many product algorithms including that for soil moisture (SM) retrieval for the geostationary satellite Geo-Kompsat-2A (GK-2A) launched in December 2018. This was developed through a five-year research project owing to the significance of SM information for hydrological and meteorological applications. However, GK-2A\u2019s visible and infrared sensors lack direct SM sensitivity. Therefore, in this study, we developed an SM algorithm based on the conversion relationships between SM and the temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) estimated for various land types in the full disk area using two of GK-2A\u2019s level 2 products, land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) SM data for calibration. Methodologically, various coefficients were obtained between TVDI and SM and used to estimate the GK-2A-based SM. The GK-2A SM algorithm was validated with GLDAS SM data during different periods. Our GK-2A SM product showed seasonal and spatial agreement with GLDAS SM data, indicating a dry-wet pattern variation. Quantitatively, the GK-2A SM showed annual validation results with a correlation coefficient (CC) &gt;0.75, bias &lt;0.1%, and root mean square error (RMSE) &lt;4.2\u20134.7%. The monthly averaged CC values were higher than 0.7 in East Asia and 0.5 in Australia, whereas RMSE and unbiased RMSE values were &lt;0.5% in East Asia and Australia. Discrepancies between GLDAS and GK-2A TVDI-based SMs often occurred in dry Australian regions during dry seasons due to the high LST sensitivity of GK-2A TVDI. We determined that relationships between TVDI and SM had positive or negative slopes depending on land cover types, which differs from the traditional negative slope observed between TVDI and SM. The KMA is currently operating this GK-2A SM algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13152990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1627593681000},"page":"2990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index-Based Soil Moisture Retrieval Algorithm Developed for Geo-KOMPSAT-2A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sumin","family":"Ryu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1293-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Joo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"},{"name":"Center of Remote Sensing and GIS, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sungwook","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinfomatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"},{"name":"DeepThoTh Co., Ltd., Seoul 05006, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.12.013","article-title":"Influence of bare rocks on surrounding soil moisture in the karst rocky desertification regions under drought conditions","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1996.0099","article-title":"Climate change, drought and desertification","volume":"34","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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